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AGRIMONY
-
Agrimonia
eupatoria
-
Has
been used by herbalists to heal wounds due to its ability to staunch
bleeding and encourage clot formation.
If the liver has been affected by poisons or other toxins,
including ingestion of poisons from feeding, agrimony is certainly
useful in maintaining a good blood supply to this organ.
Also good for spleen and kidney blood supply. Its astringent and
mildly bitter properties may help in cases of scouring and as a gentle
digestion tonic.
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ALOES
- Aloe Ferox - Key actions of Aloe is its ability to heal wounds, an
emollient, stimulates secretions of bile and has laxative effects.
It is anti-parasitic, so can be used as part of a herbal worming
mix. An aloe vera plant near the stable is a terrific first aid
use. When a leaf is broken
off, a soothing gel is released which may be applied to burns, stings
and rashes. Works equally
as well on humans.
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WARNING:
As it has muscle stimulating properties, do not use internally on
pregnant mares.
BASIL
LEAF
- Ocimum basilicum - The leaves and flowering tops of basil are used in
herbal medicine. Basil acts primarily on the nervous and digestive systems,
easing stomach cramps, flatulence, colic and indigestion. It is also thought to kill intestinal worms.
It has a mildly sedative action, being useful for nervous
irritability and anxiety, and has an antibacterial action.
The juice from the fresh leaves of basil act as an insect
repellent when applied externally and can also bring relief to insect
bites and stings.
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BEETROOT
POWDER
– Beetroot contains folate, potassium and manganese.
It is believed the red pigmentation contains certain anti-cancer
agents and beetroot has been used in the treatment of cancer for some
years. Beetroot is also
hepatoprotective. In animal
tests, it has been used effectively to keep fat from depositing in the
liver, due probably to the herb’s concentration of betaine.
Indian medicine has long used it as a treatment for coughs and
infections. The root
contains about a tenth portion of pure sugar, which is one of the
glucoses or fruit sugars, which is very wholesome.
Softer than cane sugar, it does not crystallize as well as the
latter, and unlike cane sugar, the sugar present in beetroot is already
in a more easily assimilated form, thus making the beet a valuable food.
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BILBERRY
LEAF
- Vaccinium myrtillus - Improves impaired peripheral blood flow, used to
treat fluid retention and pain. As
capillary function is improved, healing of inflammation is possible.
Circulatory tonic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, astringent,
urinary antiseptic.
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BORAGE
- Borago officinalis - The leaves and flowers are used.
With a high mucilage content, borage is a demulcent herb and
soothes respiratory problems. The
leaves are diuretic and the flowers encourage sweating.
Borage should not be used long-term and professional advice
should be sought before using this herb.
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BOSWELLIA
(Boswellia serrata)
Boswellia serrata
is a large deciduous tree that grows in the dry, hilly regions of
India. The purified gum resin derived from it (also known as Indian
Frankincense, Indian olibanum and salai guggal) provides one of
nature’s most effective pain and inflammation fighters. Ayurvedic
practitioners have used boswellia for centuries to treat a number of
conditions, and modern science is now confirming its effectiveness,
particularly for arthritic conditions.
In Ayurvedic
medicine (the traditional medicine of India) boswellia has been used
for arthritis, rheumatism, bronchitis, asthma, dysentery, diarrhoea,
jaundice, inflammatory skin disease, ulcers and un-descended
testicles (!). Modern herbalists primarily use boswellia to treat
arthritis and other inflammatory conditions. Boswellia reduces
inflammation by inhibiting one of the key enzymes in inflammatory
processes; it also relieves pain via a sedative effect on the
nervous system.
In human arthritic studies (using
standardised extracts) boswellia has been seen to be equally, or
more, effective than standard drug treatments. Patients reported
decreased pain and increased range of movement. In experimental
animals boswellia reduced swelling as effectively as non-steroidal
anti-inflammatories (NSAIDs) without producing the side effects
(such as gastro-intestinal irritation/bleeding) associated with
those drugs. Boswellia has also been shown to be valuable in
treating musculoskeletal pain in general, and it has a synergy with
glucosamine and is thus used in conjunction with joint building
supplements in a number of commercial equine preparations.
In human experiments boswellia
has shown value in reducing disease markers for inflammatory
gastro-intestinal disorders such as Crohn’s disease and colitis, as
well as benefit in treating bronchial asthma.
ACTIONS include:
anti-inflammatory, expectorant, diuretic, analgesic, anti-arthritic
(both rheumatoid and osteo).
Boswellia is considered very
safe. In a four-week toxicity study, animals fed high doses of
boswellia showed no significant changes in blood chemistries.
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BURDOCK
ROOT
- Arctium lappa - One of the leading detoxifying herbs in both Western
and Chinese herbal medicine. It
is used to treat conditions arising from an “overabundance” of
toxins, such as boils, rashes and chronic skin problems.
Helps to cleanse the body of waste products.
A constituent in burdock is thought to have an antibiotic effect. It has anti-bacterial and anti-fungal properties, as well as
hypoglycaemic (lowering blood sugar levels) and diuretic effects, with
an anti-tumour action also. Usually
used in combination with another herb or herbs.
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CALENDULA
FLOWERS
- Calendula officinalis - The cultivar, calendula officinalis, should
only be used, and not the common garden variety. The bright orange
petals are used, and have antiseptic and healing properties, helping to
prevent the spread of infection and hasten the rate of repair.
A wash can be made from the flowers, which won’t sting when
applied to the skin. Widely
considered a detoxifying herb, it aids in treating toxicity that
underlies many fevers, infections and skin disorders.
Available also as a cream, proving invaluable for the first aid
kit/stable as it can be applied directly to cuts and wounds, without
stinging.
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CAPSICUM
-Red & Green Bell Peppers-
Rich
in Vitamin C, as well as containing large amounts of potassium and
Vitamin A. They have tonic
and antiseptic effects, stimulate circulatory and digestive systems and
increase sweating. They can
also increase blood circulation and aid with digestive problems.
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CARROT
GRANULES
- Daucus carota - This common vegetable is easily digested and
nutritious, and is also a wonderfully cleansing medicine.
It supports the liver, and stimulates urine flow and the removal
of wastes by the kidneys. The
juice of organically grown carrots is a delicious drink and a valuable
detoxifier. NOTE:
Use only organic carrots for juicing, as the root concentrates
artificial fertilizers and insecticides.
High in carotene, which is converted to Vitamin A by the liver,
and a rich source of antioxidant compounds.
As well, carrots provide at least 1000 milligrams of potassium
per pound and they contain significant amounts of calcium, phosphorus
and magnesium. Eating
carrots can improve your eyesight – not just an old wives tale.
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CELERY
SEEDS
- Apium graveolens - Widely grown as a vegetable and salad plant, the
seeds of this plant are used to treat urinary, rheumatic and arthritic
problems. A good cleansing,
mildly diuretic herb, useful in ridding the system of an accumulation of
waste products. An
improvement in circulation of fluids encourages a horse to drink and
sweat more easily. Celery
has a significant antiseptic action with carminative (warming) effects.
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CHAMOMILE -Matricaria recutita-
The small daisy-like
flowers of chamomile – called “Ground Apple” by the ancient Greeks
because of their smell – are most noted for their calming, relaxing
effects on both the digestion and the nerves. Chamomile, though, has a
wide range of actions in the body… it is well documented as having
anti-inflammatory activity and is also beneficial in reducing allergic
responses as it contains a number of anti-histamine chemicals. In
addition, it is recognised as being ulcer-protective through its healing
effect on the mucosa of the gastro-intestinal tract.
Chamomile can be
especially helpful for the tense, restless horse prone to nervous colic
and scouring. Indeed, it has an affinity for relieving digestive tract
and organ spasm and pain (more so than the muscle aches and pains
associated with physical exertion). It supports the body’s skeletal structure through its
calcium phosphate content, and in the case of skin
allergies it can be applied externally (as a ‘tea’ rinse) to help reduce
itching and irritation. Chamomile is mildly anti-microbial, assisting
the body to destroy or resist pathogenic (disease-causing)
micro-organisms.
Interestingly,
bunches of
chamomile were once consistently hung in stables to deter flies.
ACTIONS include:
Anti-inflammatory, anti-spasmodic, anti-microbial, bitter (digestive),
carminative (eases flatulence and colic), sedative (reduces nervous
tension), anti-allergenic, vasodilatory (widens blood vessels) and
analgesic (pain relieving).
NOTE: Occasional hypersensitive
reactions have been observed in the human population (amonst those who
are allergic to members of the ragweed family), however this type of
sensitivity is extremely rare.
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CHASTE
TREE BERRY
- Vitex agnes castus - This herb is primarily used to balance hormonal
irregularities in mares, but can inhibit the sex hormones of stallions
if their behaviour is thought dangerous or seen to be causing them a
loss in condition. Useful
on its own or in combination with herbs specific for hormonal balance.
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CINNAMON – Cinnamon verum -
The cinnamon tree is native to Sir Lanka and India and the inner
bark is used. The medicinal
value of cinnamon is due to its volatile oil, which has stimulating and
anti-viral properties. Traditionally
used as a warming herb for cold conditions, often in combination with
ginger. Also a traditional remedy for problems of the digestive
system such as nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea.
Cinnamon is a supporting and strengthening herb for weak
digestion. WARNING:
Do not
use on pregnant mares as it can stimulate the uterus.
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CLIVERS
-
Galium aparine
- Clivers
has antiseptic qualities and is a general detoxifier.
High in Silica, it assists in the management and treatment of
skin disorders. It is a
herb used for treating the urinary system, but as many herbs can be used
to treat urinary tract infections, professional herbal advice is
recommended to get the most appropriate herb for the specific problem
area.
Also used to ease
swollen legs and joints, support the lymphatic and endocrine systems and
encourage the elimination of toxins, Clivers is also helpful if your
horse experiences muscle tightening during or after exercise.
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COMFREY LEAF
- Symphytum officinale - What a wonderful herb!
Has been used for thousands of years as a herb with abilities to
mend broken bones. Has the
same result on wounds, tendons, fractures, sprains, ulcers and
cartilage. The allantoin
content in comfrey is believed to accelerate the production of
replacement cells, thereby minimising the possiblity of scar tissue,
arthritis and proud flesh.
Comfrey should only be used for a short period of time and the leaves of
the plant are used orally or as a compress.
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CORNSILK
– Zea Mays - Cornsilk (the silky fronds wrapped around the cob) has
always been the part of the plant most used medicinally, and is of
particular value in treating urinary conditions.
It is thought to stimulate production of bile, improving its flow
from the liver through the bile ducts.
Partly due to its significant potassium content, cornsilk is a
useful diuretic for almost all problems of the urinary system.
It soothes and relaxes the lining of the urinary tubules and
bladder, relieving irritation and improving urine flow and elimination.
It is also helpful in humans for frequent urination caused by
irritation of the bladder and urethral walls, and for difficulty in
passing urine, for example in prostate disorders.
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DANDELION
LEAF
-
The leaves of the
Dandelion plant are generally fed to horses during spring as the herb
assists with cleansing the blood. They are high in iron and calcium as
well as Vitamins A, B, and D and are traditionally used as a tonic to
stimulate the bladder.
DANDELION
ROOT -
Dandelion Root is helpful for horses recovering from an illness or a
reaction to vaccination. Being a tonic, this herb assists to clean the
liver, kidneys and blood and is high in potassium and magnesium.
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DEVILS
CLAW
- Harpagophytum procumbens - A native of South and Eastern Africa.
Used for its analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties, it is
useful for treating pain in a range of joint and muscular problems.
The bitter action of Devils Claw stimulates and tones the
digestive system. As it is
thought that most arthritic conditions are associated with poor
digestion and absorption of food, Devils Claw has a stimulant effect on
the stomach and gall bladder which contributes to its use as an
anti-arthritic remedy.
Warning:
Do
not use in pregnant mares as it can stimulate the uterine muscle, and do
not use on horses if there is suspicion of gut ulceration.
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DONG QUAI
-Angelica sinensis-
The root of dong
quai is undoubtedly one of the most honored and respected herbs in
China, and its reputation is growing in the rest of the world. Experts
estimate that dong quai has been used by the Chinese for at least 2OOO
years. Dong quai is sometimes referred to as “female ginseng” in
reference to its ability to regulate menstrual disorders. Dong quai is
therefore specifically useful for “mare problems” - it is a useful tonic
for mares that have difficulty in conceiving and it regulates the
oestrus cycle.
It’s actions are not,
however, confined to gynaecological areas. Its warming qualities make
it useful for joint pains, especially during damp winters, the root’s
anti-arthritic properties having been demonstrated by basic research.
It helps protect the liver, animal studies indicating that it enhances
metabolism – increasing oxygen utilization in the liver. It has also
been shown to be effective against several strains of microorganisms,
including the fungi Candida albicans (the primary causative agent
in vaginal yeast infections). In addition, it has mild sedative,
pain-relieving, anti-inflammatory and antispasmodic properties –
relaxing the smooth muscle of visceral organs like the intestines (as
well as the uterus). For this reason dong quai is useful for dry
constipation caused by physical or emotional tension. The
polysaccharides in dong quai have also been implicated in immune
stimulation and healing of ulcerated gastric mucosa.
If a horse has
suffered an injury which has resulted in muscle damage or wastage this
herb can be useful in its recovery. It aids those muscles as well as
helping the horse recover from the associated weakness and debility that
can accompany a trauma.
ACTIONS/APPLICATIONS include: blood, respiratory and liver tonic; circulatory stimulant;
laxative; sedative; analgesic; reduces blood pressure; regluates
menstrual disorders; antispasmodic; and alterative (aiding
elimination).
CAUTION: Do not give
this herb to a mare once she has been served or during
pregnancy. In some
individuals dong quai can cause an increased photosensitivity.
DRUG
INTERACTIONS: Potential interaction with blood-thinning drugs or
supplements, consult your vet and herbalist before combining dong quai
with such drugs/supplements.
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ECHINACEA
- Echinacea purpurea - Commercially grown organically in Australia,
overseas this species has been threatened in the wild.
The leaves and flowers are used herbally, and this herb has a
delightful aroma, which is also a good gauge of freshness.
A number of constituents in the plant stimulate the immune system
to counter bacterial and viral infections.
One of these constituents inhibits the ability of viruses to
enter and take over cells while another constituent has anti-bacterial
and anti-fungal properties. Very
useful in treating viral infections present and also post, eg Ross River
Fever. Colds, flu,
respiratory and skin conditions all benefit from echinacea.
NOTE:
Feed only in three week intervals over a 12 week period.
Giving a two week break will help ensure the body does not build
a resistance to Echinacea.
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ELECAMPANE
– Inula helenium - The root of this plant has long been seen as a
gently warming and tonic herb for the respiratory system.
The warming effect, together with its ability to gently stimulate
the clearing of mucus, makes it a wonderful herb to treat all
respiratory infections, coughs and allergies specific to the lungs.
Being mildly bitter, it also stimulates the appetite, aiding in
recovery from illness by improving digestion and the absorption of
nutrients.
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EYEBRIGHT
– Euphrasia officinalis -
The aerial (above ground) parts of the plant are used.
As its name suggests, it helps eye problems by relieving
inflammation and tightening mucous membranes and is specifically used in
treating conjunctivitis and blepharitis.
Used for infections and allergic conditions affecting the eyes,
middle ear, sinuses and nasal passages.
FENNEL
– Foeniculum
vulgare - The seeds of the plant are used, and contain essential oil.
The primary use of fennel is to relieve bloating, but it also
settles stomach pain, stimulates the appetite and is diuretic and
anti-inflammatory.
When combined with Uva-Ursi it makes an effective treatment for
cystitis.
Fennel can help increase breast milk production.
KEEP
TO PRESCRIBED DOSAGE RATES.
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FENUGREEK
–
Trigonella-foenum-graecum -
Strongly aromatic herb, and the seeds of the plant are used.
It contains a volatile oil, flavonoids, mucilage, protein,
Vitamins A, B & C, alkaloids, saponins and some minerals.
The seeds can aid in recovery from illness and to encourage
weight gain.
They can also help in lowering a fever, and can also increase
breast milk production.
It is also thought to be antidiabetic and to help lower blood
cholesterol levels. Available in seed or powder form.
WARNING:
Do not feed
to pregnant mares as it may stimulate uterus contractions.
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GARLIC
-Allium sativum- Garlic is one of
the few herbs that are universally recognised and used. It has been
used as a medicine and tonic food for thousands of years by many
different cultures/people including – ancient Egyptians and Romans;
Chinese medicine; Ayurvedic medicine; and the Cherokee and Choco
peoples. During the Great Plague of London garlic was the primary
remedy for protection and cure, fetching more in price than gold.
During WWII it was known as Russian Penicillin and was used to prevent
septic poisoning and gangrene. It is the most widely known and used herb
in the horse world.
Although the
vampire-repelling properties of garlic have never been subject to
medical scrutiny (!) there is much we do know about it…
Garlic is a stimulant
for the immune system – it is the closest thing to a herbal wonder drug
for treating infections. This is because garlic is anti-bacterial,
anti-viral, anti-fungal and anti-parasitic. Garlic is rich in sulphur
which is essential for healthy skin and hair, and garlic also contains
bioflavonoid compounds such as quercetin which retard inflammatory
reactions. Quercetin stabilises mast cells (which contain histamine) and
inactivates many inflammatory enzymes, which makes garlic a useful
anti-allergy tool. Garlic also works to improve circulation. It
contains a number of anti-coagulant compounds and has a blood-thinning
effect as well as being vasodilatory.
Garlic can be used to
prevent and treat respiratory infections. Anyone who has had garlic
breath has experienced this herb’s aromatic compounds being excreted
through their lungs which is why garlic’s active ingredients can be so
effective for respiratory complaints. There is evidence that in the
digestive tract garlic acts selectively against pathogens (disease
causing micro-organisms) whilst sparing beneficial flora. Further,
garlic reduces the incidence of cancer, especially in the
gastrointestinal tract – allicin (a volatile oil constituent of garlic)
interferes with the generation of carcinogenic nitrosamines in the gut.
Garlic is reputed to minimise intestinal worms (although it must not be
relied upon as the sole means of worm control). Some insect repelling
properties have been attributed to the feeding of garlic, however it
seems this may be dependent on feeding garlic in its fresh, raw form.
ACTIONS include:
anti-biotic, anti-viral, anti-fungal, anti-parastic, anti-histamine
(anti-allergy), anti-coagulant, expectorant (encouraging passage of
mucus up the bronchials), vasodilatory.
DRUG INTERACTIONS:
Garlic could potentiate the blood-thinning effects/side-effects of some
drugs/supplements, consult your vet/herbalist before simultaneous use.
PLEASE NOTE: Beware
the tendency to think that “a little is good, a lot will be better” –
garlic in excess can irritate the gut and/or cause Heinz-body anaemia*.
Keep to recommended dosages. Do not use garlic if a horse has been
scouring chronically, and use caution if you are feeding garlic to
nursing mares as it may flavour/taint the milk and upset the foal’s
digestive system.
*Heinz-body
anaemia occurs when a constituent of garlic (and other members of the
Allium plant family, including onions) is present in sufficient
quantity to deplete red blood cells of a chemical which protects them
from oxidative damage. When this occurs, the haemoglobin in the cells
oxidises and forms a “bubble” - known as a Heinz body - on the outside
of the red blood cell. The spleen then removes these deformed cells
from the bloodstream. If this process of damage and subsequent removal
occurs consistently, the horse gradually becomes anaemic.
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GINGER
- Zingiber officinale –
Well known as a spice and flavouring, ginger is also one of the
world’s best medicines.
Anti-emetic:
Highly effective in treating travel sickness, ginger given before
floating horses can help settle, and given on arrival can tempt a horse
to eat.
The therapeutic benefits of ginger are largely due to its
volatile oil and oleoresin content.
Ginger is an excellent remedy for many digestive complaints,
including nausea, colic, wind and indigestion.
Its antiseptic properties also make it beneficial for
gastro-intestinal infections.
For the older, arthritic horse, ginger is a useful maintenance
herb.
It stimulates, circulates and helps blood flow to the surface, so
can be an important remedy for chillblains and poor circulation to hands
and feet. Dosage:
1 tsp of powdered ginger or fresh if available.
(Also wonderful in cooking cakes, slices etc, with that wonderful
ginger taste and only half the normal recipe amount is needed as it is a
concentrated premium quality powder).
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GINGKO
-Gingko biloba-
Gingko biloba
– the maidenhair tree - is often referred to as a "living fossil"
because of it’s antiquity. It is believed to be the world's oldest
living tree species, dating back to about 200 million years ago. Due to
their amazing resistance to disease, bugs and pollution each tree can
live for over a thousand years. Ginkgo has been used in Traditional
Chinese Medicine for over 4,000 years. These days the tree is native to
China and Japan but is cultivated extensively elsewhere for use in
herbal therapy.
Gingko has
significant effects on the cardiovascular system and is valuable in a
broad array of health issues related to problems with microcirculation –
whether they be in the brain, legs or sex organs. It in part achieves
this by reducing the tendency of blood to clot as well as having a tonic
action on several aspects of neural functioning. Gingko also acts as an
antioxidant - neutralising free radicals (which are directly implicated
in the aging process).
In humans
Ginkgo biloba has been used in cases of memory deficits, impaired
concentration, depression, dizziness, tinnitus (ringing in the ears),
intermittent claudication (reduced blood flow in narrowed leg arteries
causing pain) and headache. Gingko extract has also been found to
stabilize or improve a number of measures of cognitive and social
functioning associated with various forms of dementia, as well as being
able to improve the cognitive function of healthy individuals. Asian
healers have used ginkgo extracts for thousands of years to treat asthma
and allergies, and justifiably so – the herb contains many
anti-inflammatory and anti-histamine compounds .
This herb can be
helpful for a horse resuming work after a spell, or for older horses
that are sound for riding but are slowing down. Due to its effect on
peripheral and cerebral (brain) circulation it can assist the blood
supply to limbs, and general alertness. It can also be employed with
regards to respiratory disorders such as heaves or difficulty of breath,
especially if they are suspected to be associated with a particular
season or allergic reaction.
ACTIONS include:
circulatory stimulant & tonic, antioxidant, anti-allergenic,
anti-inflammatory, and anti-asthmatic.
DRUG
INTERACTIONS: Gingko enhances the blood-thinning
effects/side-effects of some drugs/supplements/herbs - consult your
vet/herbalist before simultaneous use.
NOTE: Gingko’s
benefits become more apparent over time. Allow at least four
weeks to assess its effects. top^
GOLDEN ROD -Solidago virgaurea-
As its name suggests,
golden rod is distinguished by its tall rods of tiny, golden, glowing
flowers. It is indigenous to Europe and is esteemed by Europeans as one
of the safest and most effective diuretic-antiseptic herbs. It is
therefore useful for urinary infections/inflammation and kidney
stones/inflammation as well as being an excellent digestive aid, easing
flatulence. In addition, bathing a wound (especially an infected one)
with golden rod promotes healing.
In combination with
echinacea it can be used to treat upper respiratory tract infections and
catarrh (excessive mucous secretions). Some of golden rod’s
constituents act specifically against the Candida fungus, and
it’s anti-inflammatory properties have also been put to use relieving
arthritic and rhematic pain.
ACTIONS include:
Anti-inflammatory, relaxant, anti-catarrhal, antiseptic, diuretic
(promoting urine flow), diaphoretic (encouraging sweating i.e. excreting
via the skin), carminative (easing flatulence and soothing digestion)
and anti-fungal.
Golden rod tea has a
very pleasant taste, and can be used in your horse’s feed to aid
digestion and to encourage eating.
NOTE: If your
horse has a diagnosed chronic kidney condition then consult with your
vet and herbalist before using golden rod.
Gotu Kola
(Centella asiatica)
Not to be confused
with the cola nut (part of the chocolate family) which imparts
get-up-and-go via the effects of caffeine, Gotu Kola is a member of
the parsley family, does not contain caffeine, and is used
internally and externally to revitalise and heal.
Gotu Kola’s
reputation, earned over centuries, is as a rejuvenator and brain
food – improving concentration and memory, enhancing nervous
function, healing wounds, and treating an array of skin disorders
including eczema, psoriasis, scleroderma, and most notably -
leprosy. It is also considered an anti-aging herb, staving off
senility. Observers have noted that elephants, who have a
reputation for longevity and memory, like to eat Gotu Kola’s
semi-circular leaves.
As a nerve tonic
Gotu Kola has long been used in Chinese and Ayurvedic medicine to
ease depression and anxiety, and promote calmness and lucidity.
Studies have substantiated both anxiety-relieving activity and
learning enhancement.
Phytochemicals such
as the asiaticoside and asiatic acid found in Gotu Kola appear to be
key components of its regenerative power – maintaining the vitality
and integrity of blood vessels and connective tissue, and supporting
the body’s production of other key tissue-building substances such
as chondroitin sulphate and hyaluronic acid. Its ability to
stimulate collagen synthesis, as well as its anti-inflammatory
properties, contributes to its ability to speed wound healing and
minimise scarring. In clinical trials the external application of
Gotu Kola has been beneficial in treating skin ulcers, skin grafts,
surgical wounds and gangrene. Other studies have shown Gotu Kola
extract (taken internally) to be useful in addressing circulatory
problems such as water retention in the ankles and feet, venous
insufficiency and varicose veins. It is also considered useful in
treating arthritis.
In areas of
traditional use, such as India, Gotu Kola is eaten in salads, drunk
in juice and taken as tea. It can also be used dried, powdered and
in extract form.
ACTIONS include:
adaptogenic (improving the body’s nonspecific resistance to disease
and stress), tonic, antirheumatic, mild diuretic, sedative,
peripheral vasodilator, alterative (blood cleansing).
CAUTIONS:
Occasionally Gotu Kola causes itching or nausea. It can also
temporarily increase sensitivity to sunlight – be sure to wear
sunscreen if taking Gotu Kola.
DRUG INTERACTIONS:
Gotu Kola taken at the same time as sleep promoting drugs (including
some antidepressants and anticonvulsants) can exaggerate their
effects. It may also interfere with the effects of cholesterol or
diabetes medications.
Guaiacum
-Guaiacum officinale-Paracelsus
was one of the key European healing figures of the sixteenth century who
revolutionised attitudes to health care. He is known as the “father of
chemistry” and was influential in the future development of chemistry,
conventional medicine, herbal medicine and homeopathy. He also explored
alchemy. It was during his time that merchants brought home a type of
wood found in the West Indies and South America that was purported to
contain a medicinal resin. This tough, dense, hard wood was different
from any other wood known at the time because it sank in water, and when
heated it exuded a resin now known as guaiacic resin. The common name
for Guaiacum is Lignum vitae, meaning “wood of life”.
Guaiacum has
anti-inflammatory properties that are of benefit in arthritic and
rheumatic conditions, indeed, it is one of the best alteratives (blood
purifiers) when rheumatoid symptoms are present, helping to reduce joint
pain and swelling. It also acts as a diuretic, laxative, and sweat
inducer, and speeds the elimination of toxins, which makes it valuable
for treating gout.
ACTIONS include:
anti-inflammatory, anti-rheumatic, circulatory stimulant, laxative,
diaphoretic(promoting sweating), diuretic(increases urination).
Due to the high
resin content in this valuable herb, caution is advised if gastritis or
peptic ulceration are known or suspected. This herb should only be used
for your horse under the supervision of a qualified herbalist.
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HAWTHORN BERRIES
- Crataegus
oxycanthoides - Rich in flavonoids, Hawthorn berries are used to assist
the function of the heart and general circulation by improving the
body’s ability to use oxygen as well as being useful in nervous
disorders. Country Park Animal Herbs have available Hawthorn Berry
powder, granules and dried berries so you can cater to your horse’s
individual dietary preferences. top^
Hawthorn
-Crataegus oxycantha & C. monogyna- From
the time of the ancient Greeks to the present day hawthorn has been
regarded far and wide as a heart tonic – and a supreme one at that.
During the Middles Ages It was seen as a symbol of hope and taken for
many ailments. Considered magical by some, it was pinned to farmhouses,
stables and barns to ward off lightning strikes. In China, hawthorn was
noted as far back as 659 A.D. for treating stomach disorders, vascular
disease and scurvy. Native Americans have also used it as a heart
medicine, intestinal aid and general tonic. In the present day,
hawthorn is one of the most popular herbal medicines in central Europe.
The berries of the
thorny hawthorn shrub/tree appear similar to other fruit from the
Rosaceae (rose) family, such as rosehips and crabapples, and, like them,
are edible and nutritious. Traditionally the berries
have
been used in herbal preparations, although modern phytomedicinal
extracts have primarily employed the leaves and flowers as it appears
they contain a higher concentration of some of the “active ingredients”
- bioflavonoids and proanthocyanidins - responsible for many of the
cardiac benefits of hawthorn.
While there’s been
no conclusive research regarding hawthorn protecting against lightning
strikes(!), research has shown that hawthorn extracts improve
heart function. Essentially, hawthorn assists the heart to be a more
efficient pump. It achieves this by improving the heart muscle’s
metabolism - dilating the coronary blood vessels which improves the
blood and oxygen supply to the heart, allowing better and more stable,
rhythmic contractions. In addition, it is a peripheral vasodilator –
opening up blood vessels in the arms and legs, thereby facilitating a
better flow of blood throughout the body. The bioflavonoids and
proanthocyanidins also act as powerful antioxidants, protecting
collagen, blood vessels and other tissue from oxidising damage.
In
humans hawthorn is used to treat angina, coronary artery disease, mild
congestive heart failure and irregular heartbeat, as well as
intermittent claudication (reduced blood flow in narrowed leg arteries,
causing pain). Further, herbalists using hawthorn have found that the
plant has the ability to normalise blood pressure – remedying both high
and low blood pressure.
With
regard to horses, hawthorn’s effects on peripheral circulation makes it
valuable for treating conditions such as navicular and laminitis.
Indeed, horses
and ponies suffering from these ailments have been observed seeking out
the new growth on hawthorn bushes/trees. It also has applications for
bleeders and horses suffering heart strain.
It is important to
remember that hawthorn, like many herbs, is not a “quick fix”. It takes
time for change to occur and
hawthorn's effects are best realised when the appropriate dose is taken
over a reasonable period of time - weeks or months. Any application of
hawthorn to serious heart issues should be done in consultation with
your vet/herbalist.
ACTIONS include:
Cardiac tonic, coronary and peripheral vasodilator, antioxidant.
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HOPS
-Humulus lupulus- The
ancient Romans grew hops as a garden plant and ate the young spring
shoots which are reminiscent in taste of asparagus. English country
folk and gypsies in the following centuries would continue to partake of
hops in this manner and, as is so often the case, hops made its way into
the herbalist’s repetoire via the kitchen – its medicinal value being
discovered through noting the effects on people when the plant was eaten
as a vegetable. Hops is a close relative of both stinging nettle and
the Cannabis genus, and is native to North America, Europe, and
Asia. It is distinguished by its vine-like leaves and unusual,
green-yellow, scaly buds. The female flowers, called ‘strobiles’, are
the parts now used medicinally and in the production of beer.
Hops have always
been used to soothe and settle – by calming and toning the nerves in
cases of anxiety, insomnia, tension and restlessness. The sedative
action of hops, which has been confirmed experimentally, is due to its
marked effect on the central nervous system. In addition it has been
shown to have an antispasmodic action on smooth muscle which explains
its use in the treatment of gastric and intestinal spasms. It also
helps to stimulate digestion and trigger appetite. Oestrogenic
substances are found in hops, as well as good antibiotic activity – it
can be used externally for its antiseptic properties. As a sleeping
aid, sachets of hops flowers have been put in/under pillows to release a
calming aroma, and it can also be taken as a bed-time tea - it has a
“pleasantly bitter” taste and a soothing, relaxing calm can be
experienced within as little as 20 to 40 minutes after ingesting the
herb.
As well as its
primary use as a sedative, hops have been used traditionally in India
and China for ailments such as headache, indigestion and intestinal
cramps; and also by the Cherokee people as an anti-rheumatic, analgesic
(it has some pain-relieving properties), and for kidney and urinary
inflammation.
For horses, hops’
effects are valuable when help is needed to re-model old habits and
nervous attitudes. It is also indicated for general debility,
especially when the animal has lost its appetite and is wasting. It is
the bitter principle of hops, which is well known to beer drinkers, that
predominantly accounts for this herb’s ability to stimulate the
digestive system.
Actions
include: Sedative, visceral anti-spasmodic, bitter digestive tonic,
astringent, antimicrobial (locally antiseptic and healing),
anaphrodisiac, restoring tonic for nervous system, diuretic, anodyne
(allays pain).
Please note: Hops
contain oestrogenic substances and could interfere with pre-existing
hormone therapy. Although hops has no known toxicity it can cause
contact dermatitis in sensitive individuals. Hops must not be used
in those suffering from depression.
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Horseradish
(Armoracia rusticana/Cochlearia armoracia)
Known as a popular
condiment, horseradish has a number of healing properties. It is
valuable, both internally and externally, for stimulating circulation,
and its ‘hot’ properties also contribute to expelling worms and
stimulating the digestion by increasing appetite and gastric
secretions. The flavonoids it contains are antioxidant. It is an
internal antiseptic – most notably for the respiratory and urinary
systems. Also used for its diuretic properties (i.e. its ability to
promote an increase in urine flow).
Externally it has
been used as a poultice (sometimes in combination with other
ingredients) to reduce tumours and swellings.
ACTIONS include:
strong circulatory stimulant; antibiotic; diuretic; diaphoretic
(encouraging sweating); anthelmintic; stimulating of stomach
secretions; laxative.
CAUTION:
Introduce this strongly stimulating herb gradually - too much
horseradish can irritate the gastrointestinal tract or the skin (if
applied too long as a poultice). Horseradish should be avoided in cases
of low thyroid function.
Horsetail
(Equisetum arvense)
A member of a very
primitive family of plants, much of the therapeutic value of horsetail
is due to its high silica content (silica plays an important role in the
regeneration of connective tissue). Horsetail also contains many other
minerals including potassium, phosphorous, iron, manganese, calcium,
magnesium and selenium. It is considered valuable for the strengthening
and repair of bones, as well as being used in the treatment of rheumatic
and arthritic complaints. Externally it functions as a clotting agent
to staunch the bloodflow from wounds and when taken internally is
reputedly effective for nosebleeds and to reduce the coughing up of
blood, as well as for deep-seated lung damage.
Horsetail is
strongly diuretic (increasing urinary output) as well as being healing
and tonic for the urinary mucous membranes, and is therefore used in a
number of urinary disorders such as cystitis and urethritis.
ACTIONS include:
astringent, stops bleeding, diuretic, anti-inflammatory, tissue healer,
restorative to damaged pulmonary (lung) tissue, antibiotic.
CAUTION:
Horsetail breaks down vitamin B1
(thiamine) and should only be taken in conjunction with B vitamin
supplementation and under professional guidance. It should not be taken
simultaneously with diuretic drugs.
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Juniper
Berries
(Juniperus communis)
Through history
juniper has been associated with ritual cleansing and purification
rites, and it was thought that burning juniper could ward off the plague
and evil spirits. Medicinally, it was used by the Egyptians as far back
as 1550 BC. It is also used to flavour gin!
These days the
ripe, purplish-bluish-blackish juniper berries are mainly used in cases
of urinary infections and for clearing the body of the acid waste
accumulation associated with gout and arthritis. Its strong antiseptic
action within the urinary tract sees juniper used in cases of cystitis
(bladder inflammation due to infection).
Juniper is also
warming and settling to the digestive system and is used to ease colic
and flatulence, and to support stomach function. Additionally, it
contains anti-inflammatory, anti-viral and anti-tumour substances. Its
diuretic action helps to relieve fluid retention.
ACTIONS include:
Urinary antiseptic, diuretic, carminative, digestive tonic, uterine
stimulant, increasing elimination of acid metabolites, anti-rheumatic,
anti-viral, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumour.
CAUTION: Juniper
is a uterine stimulant and should be avoided during pregnancy although
it may be taken during labour. Long term use may irritate the kidneys –
do not use for more than six weeks without a break. Do not use if there
is already kidney infection or damage. Do not use simultaneously with
diuretic drugs.
LAVENDER
– Lavendula augustifolia -
A popular garden shrub, renowned for its colour and aroma.
The species Lavendula augustifolia only is used medicinally.
Contains a volatile oil which has very low toxicity and
significant antiseptic and anti-bacterial actions.
It helps reduce pain and alleviates nervous excitability
Like many herbs with a high volatile oil content, lavender
soothes indigestion and colic and relieves wind and bloating.
It can relieve sleeplessness, irritability, headaches and
migraines and can help alleviate depression.
The oil is an invaluable first aid remedy, strongly antiseptic,
it can help heal burns, wounds and sores.
external use
only
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Lemon
Balm (Melissa
officinalis)
This highly
aromatic, sweet-smelling, bee-attracting herb was a favourite in
medieval “elixirs of youth”. These days it is most often employed as a
tonic for its soothing effects on the central nervous system and
digestion. It makes a pleasant tasting tea which is considered to raise
the spirits through being both calming and antidepressant. In addition,
balm’s antispasmodic action reduces tension and cramping in muscles, and
its carminative effect eases gas in the gastro-intestinal tract. This
combination of qualities sees lemon balm used in situations where
anxiety leads to digestive problems or headache.
Certain
constituents of lemon balm have antiviral activity, most notably
deterring the viruses that cause herpes. Balm is also used in cases of
“female discomforts” such as menstrual cramps, and for insomnia.
Further, balm is reputed to normalise thyroid function.
Externally, lemon
balm is used for cold sores, insect stings, painful swellings and cuts.
ACTIONS include:
nerve tonic, antispasmodic, carminative, antiviral, antibacterial,
antihistamine, diaphoretic (promotes sweating), relaxant,
antidepressant.
CAUTION: Consult
your vet and herbalist before using lemon balm concurrently with thyroid
drug treatment.
LEMON
VERBENA
- Lippia citriodora - A deciduous shrub with strongly scented leaves
which are used herbally. It
contains a strong lemon-scented volatile oil that has calming and
soothing properties. This
herb has a gentle sedative action and is very helpful in soothing
abdominal discomfort.
Make
into a tea - using one handful - brew for 10 minutes, add a teaspoon of
raw honey and then pour the lot into the horse’s feed.
A cup of lemon verbena tea is also good for calming the rider.
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Licorice
(Glycyrriza
glabra)It is no surprise
that licorice is most often thought of as
an ingredient in confectionery - it contains a substance called
glycyrrhizin which is 50 times sweeter than sugar (sucrose).
Licorice root is also, however, one of the
most valuable herbal medicines, praised since the times of the ancient
herbalists who used it on both humans and animals.
Licorice
reduces stomach secretions and protects mucousal
linings, thereby making it useful for gastric ulceration and
inflammation. Further, the glycyrrhizin has an anti-inflammatory and
anti-arthritic action, and it simultaneously supports the body’s
release of cortisol whilst inhibiting some of that hormone’s
detrimental side effects – this makes it
useful in treating some skin conditions (including itch).
Licorice has effects on the adrenal glands
which are protective, restorative, tonic and stimulatory. These
properties can aid the horse which is recovering from steroid
therapy/abuse.
It’s
ability to soothe irritated mucous membranes and to break up phlegm
and ease coughing sees licorice employed
in respiratory conditions – couging,
bronchitis, and chest colds. Licorice
contains antibacterial, antiviral and antifungal compounds
– approximately 30 percent of
licorice’s dry weight is made up of
antibacterial substances. It has also shown an ability to improve
liver function and has been used to treat disorders such as hepatitis
and cirrhosis.
Licorice
is gently laxative.
Licorice
appears to regulate oestrogen levels and it has been used to
facilitate fertility in female animals (it is advisable, however, to
avoid using it during pregnancy).
ACTIONS include:
Demulcent (soothing and protecting membranes), expectorant
(encouraging the passage of mucous up the
bronchials), tonic, anti-inflammatory, anti-arthritic, tonic
stimulant for the adrenal cortex, mild laxative, spasmolytic (reducing
spasms of smooth muscle such as the bronchials
and intestines), antitussive (relieving coughing), antibacterial,
antiviral and antifungal.
CAUTIONS:
Licorice taken in excess or for a long
period of time can deplete potassium in the body potentially leading
to fluid retention and raised blood pressure. Consult
a herbalist regarding its use and stick to
recommended dosages. Licorice should not
be taken simultaneously with potassium-depleting diuretics as it may
potentiate their effects. It should also be avoided when taking
digoxin based drugs. However, licorice is
helpful when using NSAIDs
(Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs) – it helps to avoid the
irritating actions NSAIDs have on the
stomach and intestines. Consult your vet and herbalist if combining
licorice with corticosteroids. Do not
give it to pregnant mares as it may affect hormone levels.
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LIMETREE
FLOWERS
-Tilia europea - Deciduous tall tree with the pale yellow flowers used herbally.
Lime
contains flavonoids, acids, mucilage, tannins, volatile oil and traces
of benzodiazepine-like compounds. The
flavonoids improve circulation. As
mucilage is a soothing agent for the gut, it is therefore useful for
colic. Lime reduces tension
and has a sedative action. In
humans it can reduce headaches, helps to calm the mind, therefore
assisting in a restful night’s sleep.
Feed
one handful or add 1 cup of hot water, brewing for at least 10 minutes,
then as for lemon verbena, add a teaspoon of raw honey and pour the lot
into the feed. A cool horse
will result in no time.
For
the rider, two teaspoons per cup of water made into a tea, add sugar or
honey as desired.
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MARSHMALLOW ROOT
-
Althaea officinalis -
With its expectorant and relaxation capacity as well as the ability to
sooth and protect irritated mucous membranes, Marshmallow is useful when
there is inflammation and irritation of the digestive tract and the
urinary and respiratory systems. Marshmallow contains high levels of
Vitamin A, calcium, zinc as well as iron, sodium, iodine and B-complex.
MEADOWSWEET
- Filipendula ulmaria - Used to help reduce inflammation and for pain
relief in case of arthritic conditions for example.
Due to a combination of salicylates, tannins and other
constituents, it acts to protect the lining of the stomach and
intestines, with the salicylates providing the anti-inflammatory action.
Has an ability to reduce acids in the body, therefore problems
associated with acidity such as joint problems, can be treated
effectively. Useful alone or in combination with other herbs for effective
pain management.
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MOTHERWORT
- Leonurus cardiaca
- The
aerial parts of the plant are used.
Contains alkaloids, flavonoids, caffeic acid, tannins and an
iridoid.
As its species name indicates, it has long been considered a
nerve and heart remedy.
It strengthens heart function, particularly where it is weak.
Antispasmodic and sedative, the herb causes relaxation rather
than drowsiness. WARNING:
Do not feed to pregnant mares as it can stimulate the muscles of
the uterus.
Mugwort
(Artemisia vulgaris)
For centuries
mugwort has been highly regarded as a medicinal herb in both the East
and West. It is said that the Romans planted mugwort along roadsides
and would line their shoes with it to prevent or ease tired, aching
feet. It is related to the herb wormwood and resembles it in smell
and taste.
Mugwort is a
bitter digestive tonic and can be taken to improve appetite and
digestive function. It also acts as a stimulant/regulator of
menstruation. In addition, it is used as a
nervine to balance the nervous system of very sensitive and
reactive horses.
Mugwort is the
primary ingredient in moxa sticks/cones used in
moxibustion – the application of heat over
acupunture points for therapeutic benefit.
ACTIONS include:
bitter digestive tonic, nervine, menstrual
regulator, uterine stimulant, antirheumatic,
antiseptic.
CAUTION: Like all members of its genus
mugwort is not to be used if pregnancy is suspected. It should also
be avoided by nursing mothers as some of its constituents may be
passed on through the milk.
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MULLEIN
-
Verbascum thapsus - This plant has woolly, grey-green, oval leaves,
and spikes of bright yellow five-petalled flowers.
Both leaves and flowers are used.
It is bitter herb which contains mucilage, flavonoids, volatile
oil and tannins. It soothes and lubricates tissues, promotes healing,
and has diuretic, analgesic, expectorant and antiseptic effects.
Mullein is valuable for treating coughs and catarrh, and is
specific for tracheitis and bronchitis.
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Nettle (Urtica dioica) Nettle, so often
snubbed as merely a weed, has an amazing array of talents. It can
clothe you, feed you, light your lamps, and be medicinal!
In Africa, the oil expressed from nettle seed is used as burning oil
in lamps; and since ancient times it has been made into twine or
cloth. When woven into fine cloth for clothes it is both softer and
warmer than cotton, and was used as a cotton alternative during the
World Wars. In recent years an Italian fashion house produced a
range of jeans made from nettle.
Nettle is perhaps best known as a
highly nutritious feed herb/fodder for animals, and has been used
through the ages for this purpose, occasionally even cultivated
en masse and mown to provide ‘hay’ for milk cows. It is
considered a spring tonic and detoxifier for human and animal
alike. It is rich in chlorophyll, and is an excellent source of
calcium, chromium,
magnesium, zinc, cobalt, manganese, phosphorous, potassium, protein,
riboflavin, selenium, silicon, thiamine, vitamin A, vitamin C and
vitamin K. No wonder then that nettle is such an appetiser, and
conditioning, restorative tonic for horses. It is reputed to
enhance coat shine and dappling, and, interestingly, is a folk
remedy for hair loss (perhaps based on its reputation for enhancing
circulation).
Nettle is diuretic (increases urine production) and has been helpful
in eliminating uric acid from the body and thereby relieving the
symptoms of gout. It is also approved for treating and preventing
kidney stones.
Nettle has been shown to have a number of anti-inflammatory
constituents which act via more than one pathway in the body. This
anti-inflammatory activity, hand-in-hand with nettle’s ability to
reduce bleeding, has been applied to easing gastro-intestinal
troubles, including inflammatory bowel disease.
Sufferers of arthritis (both osteo- and rheumatoid) have received
significant benefit from using nettle. It can be taken internally
or applied externally – studies of both methods have shown relief of
symptoms. Amazing results have also been seen when nettle is used
as an adjunct to standard drug anti-inflammatory treatment. In one
study, patients who took a combination of nettle and an
anti-inflammatory drug substantially reduced the dose of the drug
needed for pain relief. Only one quarter of the standard
dose required to provide pain relief was needed when drug treatment
was combined with nettle intake.
Nettle has a centuries old reputation for relieving the symptoms of
nasal and respiratory ailments such as bronchitis, asthma and
allergic rhinitis, as well as skin conditions such as eczema.
Research across the world has vouched for nettle root’s contribution
to treating the discomforting symptoms of benign prostate
hypertrophy (prostate enlargement). On its own, or in combination
with other herbs, nettle root improves Prostate Symptom Scores, and
in one study nettle root combined with the herb saw palmetto was
equally as effective as drug treatment, with the herb extract
treatment tolerated much better by patients due to less side
effects.
Nettle is sometimes used (with other herbs) in the treatment of
laminitic horses, usually on the basis of its stimulation of
circulation and promotion of toxin elimination. Extra support for
its use in treating/preventing this ailment may also come from
animal studies that have indicated a hypoglycaemic effect of nettle
– animals treated with a nettle leaf extract had decreased blood
sugar levels due to an increased production of insulin.
If you want to harvest your own nettles for you or your animals, be
sure to arm yourself with sturdy gloves and secateurs, and ensure
you are selecting the correct nettle species. To prevent the
nettles stinging when they’re eaten the leaves must be allowed to
wilt before being fed. Additional caution can be taken by allowing
them to dry and then cutting them before feeding them. For humans
they can be cooked as spinach would; and while a cup of nettle tea
may do your body a world of good, your tongue will almost certainly
prefer a softening of the “mown grass” taste of nettle tea by the
addition of a little honey. Your horse will likely relish
the grassy taste!
An interesting note: It may seem counter-intuitive, but if you are
stung by nettles it is the plant itself that supplies the remedy…
the juice from the plant, when applied to the sting, will relieve
it.
ACTIONS include: Leaf - diuretic (increasing the flow of urine),
nutritive, anti-allergic, astringent (constricts and firms
membranes), styptic (stops blood flow when applied externally),
galactogogue (promoting the production and flow of breast milk),
hypoglycaemic, anti-diarrhoeal, anti-inflammatory, alterative
(“blood cleansing”), stimulating to circulation, tonic.
Root – inhibits/reduces the symptoms associated with benign prostate
enlargement.
CAUTION: Very occasionally a person or animal may develop a rash in
response to ingesting nettle. If so, discontinue feeding it and
seek the advice of a herbalist. A lower dose may be required for
that individual, or possibly a complete elimination of nettle. Very
occasionally gastro-intestinal symptoms may result from ingesting
nettle root. It is generally considered a very safe herb.
While some authors advise caution on the use of nettle during
pregnancy, others disagree and do not expect adverse effects.
DOSAGE: Recommendations for an average sized (450kg) horse range
from 15g (approx 1/3 cup) per day to one cup
three times a day. “The European Medicines Agency saw fit to
establish no maximum intake on nettle herb for animals”1
and there is no restriction on long term use.
DRUG INTERACTIONS: Due to a lack of hard evidence, the potential
for nettle to interact with drugs is largely speculative, based on
the known actions of nettle. Some caution may be required if
combining nettle with anti-hypertensives, anticoagulants, Central
Nervous System depressants, diuretics, insulin, and oral
hypoglycaemic agents. Nettle root may have additive effects on
prescribed medication for BPH, but this may be beneficial. As
mentioned previously, arthritis sufferers were able to reduce drug
dose whilst taking nettle. 1Wynn and Fougere, 2007.
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Parsley
(Petroselinum
crispum)
Although most folk
know parsley as a culinary herb and often-discarded garnish, the fresh
leaves of this member of the carrot family are so nutritious that they
can be considered a natural vitamin and mineral supplement. Parsley
is rich in vitamins C and A, iron, copper, boron,
flourine and zinc, as well as containing calcium, phosphorous,
manganese and vitamin E. It’s
bioflavonoids are anti-inflammatory,
antioxidant and antihistamine; it is mildly oestrogenic and strongly
diuretic.
As a good source
of chlorophyll (the green pigment in plants) parsley is useful for
combating bad breath. It’s diuretic
properties are beneficial in: arthritic/rheumatic conditions
associated with poor kidney function; urinary infections; kidney and
bladder stones. Parsley also acts as a digestive tonic by easing
spasms and minimising flatulence.
Parsley is a good
supportive supplement for a horse who is
recovering after a debilitating illness or is going through an
intensive period of effort/training.
ACTIONS include:
strong diuretic (promoting excretion via the kidneys, i.e. encouraging
the flow of urine); carminative (easing
flatulence) and digestive tonic; antispasmodic; stimulant of uterine
muscle; nutritive.
CAUTION: Due to
its uterine stimulating properties parsley (especially the seed)
should not be given to pregnant mares. However, once the foal is born
parsley can help encourage milk production. Parsley may increase the
effects of monoamine oxidase inhibitor drugs (MAOIs).
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Passionflower
(Passiflora incarnata) This herb derives
its name from its beautiful white & pink/purple flowers which reminded
Spanish explorers of The Passion of Christ. Used in native North and
Central American herbal traditions, passionflower has sedative and
tranquilising properties and is best known for its value in bringing
(non-addictive) relief to disturbed sleep patterns and insomnia. Widely
acknowledged as a good remedy for anxiety, tension and irritability,
passionflower can be of benefit to horses who are generally nervous and
apprehensive as well as those who are distressed and restless due to a
current illness. In addition to its directly calming effects it also
has analgesic (pain-relieving) and anti-spasmodic properties and can be
useful, often in conjunction with other herbs, for the moody mare and
the horse who has tight, sore muscles due to habitual tension.
One of
passionflower’s phytochemicals – passicol – fights a number of
bacteria, moulds and yeasts.
ACTIONS include:
sedative, analgesic, anti-spasmodic, peripheral vasodilator.
CAUTION: Avoid
high doses during pregnancy.
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Pau d’arco
(Tabebuia, various species)The Pau d’arco
tree, also called the lapacho tree, is indigenous to South America and
grows in both rainforest and mountainous terrains. The medicinal part
of the tree, which has been used at least as far back as the time of the
Incas, is the inner lining of the bark.
Pau d’arco is
valuable as a remedy for infectious and inflammatory ailments. It acts
as an immune system strengthener and has natural antibiotic and
antiviral properties. It’s anti-inflammatory action applies especially
in the stomach and intestines as well as for conditions such as
cystitis, inflammation of the cervix, arthritis and prostatitis. It also
has confirmed antifungal action, particularly against Candida
albicans. Allergic/inflammatory skin disorders can benefit from Pau
d’arco.
Pau d’arco
promotes red blood cell production and has antioxidant activity. In
addition – anecdotal evidence, animal trials and human clinical settings
have indicated that Pau d’arco has cancer fighting activity. Research
utilising the whole herb has shown positive results with regard to a
lack of side effects whereas experimentation on isolated constituents
has shown potent negative side effects. Herbal authorities consider
this another confirmation that whole herb extracts are better than
isolated compounds.
ACTIONS include:
antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, immune stimulant,
anti-inflammatory, cleansing, tonic, antitumour.
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Peppermint
(Mentha piperita) Peppermint has
been cultivated commercially for a long time and has been used to
flavour everything from laxatives to toothpaste. Medicinally though, it
is best known for its ability to aid digestion and relieve
gastrointestinal distress. Peppermint owes most of its medicinal value
to menthol, which is cooling, anaesthetic, antiseptic and soothing to
the stomach; it also contains antioxidants and a number of expectorant
compounds (which stimulate the coughing up of mucous).
For horses,
peppermint’s aroma is useful for tempting fussy eaters and/or helping to
mask the smell of less pleasant herbs in their feed. It eases
flatulence/bloating, increases the flow of bile from the liver and
relaxes both gastrointestinal spasms and tight skeletal muscles. It can
therefore be useful for the colic-prone horse or the horse who is
nervous and tense when travelling.
Mint can be used
to help dry off milk in nursing mares.
ACTIONS include:
Stimulant, antispasmodic, carminative (relieving flatulence), digestive
tonic, anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, antiulcer, analgesic, promotes
sweating but also cooling internally.
Psyllium Husk
(Plantago ovata)The husk of the
psyllium seed is one of those plant remedies which demonstrates “the
ingenuity of nature” (J.A. Duke, 2000) in providing a substance which is
able to treat apparently contradictory ailments – diarrhoea and
constipation – depending on what is needed.
Psyllium is high
in fibre and mucilage and when combined with water it swells to many
times its original size, becoming slimy and gelatinous. Diarrhoea is
inhibited via the absorbtion of excess moisture and bulking up of
faeces, and constipation is alleviated by the softening of stool and the
promotion of bowel movement by the extra volume.
For horses,
psyllium husk’s ability to pick up sand and move it through the gut is
particularly valuable in the preventation and/or treatment of sand
colic. Periodic addition of psyllium to the feed is practised in some
sandy soil areas.
ACTIONS include:
bulk laxative, demulcent (soothing and protecting membranes) and
healing, antidiarrhoeal.
Important notes:
It is vital that a
horse being fed psyllium has constant access to plenty of fresh water to
ensure that the bulking up and moisture absorbing effects of the
psyllium do not hinder the passage of food through the gut. Adding
extra salt to the feed whilst using psyllium can assist with increasing
water intake. Do not feed psyllium to a horse whose gut is impacted.
DO NOT feed
psyllium continually as a preventative measure for sand colic. After a
period of time the microbe colony in the horse’s colon adapts and will
“digest” (ferment) the psyllium, reducing its effectiveness as a
“pass-through” collector of sand and debris.
As a precautionary
measure, do not administer oral drugs of any kind simultaneously with
psyllium. Separate them by a couple of hours so that the psyllium does
not lower the absorbtion of the medication.
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Raspberry Leaves
(Rubus
idaeus)
Raspberry leaves
have a time-honoured reputation for assisting “female conditions” ,
most notably enhancing fertility and childbirth, as well as being
applied to menstrual discomfort. Raspberry leaf has been used as an
alternative to hormonal (drug) therapy for mares with oestrus problems
and the attendant behavioural disturbances. For mares
who have had, or are likely to have,
difficulty conceiving it can be given for a period prior to mating.
Generally, raspberry leaf is used to tone the uterine muscles,
encourage an easy labour, and prevent/reduce haemorrhaging during and
after foaling, as well as assisting in expelling the afterbirth.
Raspberry leaf’s
astringency also sees it applied to cases of diarrhoea, mouth
ulcers/inflammation and conjunctivitis (externally).
NOTE: When being
used to assist breeding… Once a mare is pregnant some owners/breeders
continue to give small amonts of raspberry
leaf regularly throughout the pregnancy, however it is more usual to
cease using raspberry during early and mid-term (as a precaution, due
to the uterine stimulating properties of raspberry) and then
re-introduce it in the final couple of months of pregnancy, continuing
until a week or two after foaling.
ACTIONS include:
astringent (having a contracting and toning effect on mucous membranes
and tissues),
tonic, toning the gravid (pregnant) uterus, parturient (assisting
childbirth), digestive remedy.
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RED
CLOVER
– Trifolium pratense –
The flowerheads are used.
Very high in cobalt and copper.
Red Clover contains a volatile oil and has oestrogenic effects,
helping to reduce the impact of falling oestrogen levels.
Also can be used in treatment of skin conditions such as eczema,
usually in combination with other purifying herbs such as yellow dock
and burdock.
Rosehips
(Rosa
canina)
The hips (fruit)
of the dog rose are a source of readily assimilated forms of vitamins,
minerals and other nutrients, including – vitamins C, A, B1,
B2, B3 and K,
bioflavonoids (including rutin), carotenoids, tannins, calcium,
magnesium, silica, phosphorous and copper.
As well as being
considered a dietary supplement, rosehips are often fed to horses
recuperating from illness or injury as they help to restore the immune
system and aid tissue repair. Feeding them as part of the daily diet
is beneficial for preventing
illness. The vitamin C in rosehips acts as a natural antihistamine,
which can assist the allergy-prone horse.
Bioflavonoids, as well as having potent antioxidant and
anti-inflammatory activity, enhance vitamin C’s ability to strengthen
blood vessel walls, and this effect contributes to rosehips’
reputation for encouraging healthy hoof growth. Rosehips can also
help alleviate gastric inflammation and diarrhoea.
Actions
include: Dietary supplement,
astringent (having a contracting and toning effect on mucous membranes
and tissues), aperient (mildly laxative – promoting natural bowel
function), anti-diarrhoeal.
Dose:
1-2 tablespoons per day, depending on horse size and level of work.
Large, hard working horses, and horses facing, or recuperating from,
illness could require a higher dose – an equine herbalist can be
consulted to determine the appropriate dose in these cases.
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Rosemary
(Rosmarinus
officinalis)
Recognised
widely as a culinary herb, rosemary has also been used medicinally
for centuries. It is an uplifting, stimulating tonic for the
circulatory and nervous systems – useful for mild/moderate
depression and particularly as a memory aid. It is known as the
herb of remembrance. As well as enhancing circulation, including to
the brain, it contains a number of chemicals that help prevent the
breakdown of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine – a deficiency of
which is associated with Alzheimer’s disease.
Rosemary is
powerfully antioxidant due to its good concentrations of many
antioxidant compounds which, amongst other functions, strengthen
capillaries and are anti-inflammatory. In addition, rosemary has
antibacterial and antifungal properties; it
is a digestive aid – encouraging digestive “juices” and reducing
gas; and it contains anti-cataract compounds. Externally, rosemary
is used as a wash, compress or in essential oil form (appropriately
diluted) for easing arthritic discomfort.
ACTIONS
include: Tonic, anti-inflammatory, antidepressant, circulatory
stimulant, antispasmodic, restorative tonic for nervous system,
digestive aid, carminative, antiseptic.
CAUTION:
Do not give to mares in foal.
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Rue (Ruta
Graveolens) This
delicately pretty, foul-smelling and bitter tasting herb has been used
since ancient times to encourage the onset of menstruation and
stimulate menstrual flow. Rue’s distinctive odour led to it’s
reputation for repelling external parasites such as lice and fleas and
it is also used (usually in combination with other herbs) to deter
internal parasites – intestinal worms.
Rue contains
compounds which ease muscle spasms and coughing, as well as the
bioflavonoid rutin which improves the strength and flexibility of
blood vessels. When prepared correctly, an infusion of rue used as an
eyewash can provide relief for strained and weary eyes and is reputed
to improve eyesight.
Rue should not
be used during pregnancy, especially the latter stages, due to it’s
potential to stimulate uterine muscles.
ACTIONS
include: antispasmodic, anti-tussive (relieves coughing), promotes
menstrual flow, circulatory tonic.
CAUTIONS:
Due to the potent action of rue, which can be toxic in excess,
it is strongly recommended that the advice of a professional herbalist
is sought to determine the appropriate dosage rate for a particular
circumstance.
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Sage
(Salvia officinalis)
Sage has been in
culinary and medicinal use for hundreds of years and has been
tradtionally linked with longevity. It is reputed to assist memory
function in the elderly and, like rosemary and thyme, this is likely
due to its ability to maintain acetylcholine levels in the brain (a
lack of this neurotransmitter is associated with Alzheimer’s
disease). Sage leaves have an affinity with the mouth and throat and
an infusion with some honey added can be syringed into the mouth of a
horse suffering from mouth ulcers/infections.
Sage can also be
used, along with other appropriate herbs, as a stimulating tonic for
rehabilitating sick or injured horses, restoring digestive and
circulatory function. It contains antioxidant, anti-asthmatic and
anti-inflammatory compounds. Sage acts to reduce excessive
perspiration and salivation, and its oestrogenic activity sees it
applied to irregular menstruation and menopausal troubles such as hot
flashes. Sage can reduce/stop milk production in nursing mares.
ACTIONS
include: astringent (having a contracting action on mucous
membranes), carminative (easing gas in the gut), antispasmodic,
antiseptic, uterine stimulant, cholagogue (stimulating bile flow),
peripheral vasodilator; reduces perspiration, salivation and lactation
.
CAUTION:
Do not administer sage to pregnant mares. Sage should only be used in
small quantities (seek advice from a professional herbalist) and not
for prolonged periods. It contains thujone which can trigger
convulsions in epileptics, who should not use this herb.
Saw Palmetto
(Serenoa serrulata/repens)
Early American
settlers observed the tonic effects of saw palmetto berries on their
livestock who grew sleek and fat when fed on them, and this anabolic
effect – promoting the growth of muscle and body tissues – can be
utilised to strengthen and repair the musculoskeletal system and to
encourage weight gain after damage from wasting illnesses.
Saw palmetto is
far more widely known, however, for its benefit for male reproductive
health. It equals and sometimes exceeds drug treatments in its
ability to treat benign prostate hypertrophy (BPH), the (noncancerous)
enlargement of the prostate gland which effects a large proportion of
males over 50 years of age. Furthermore, it does so without the
attendant side effects of drug treatment. It is able to inhibit the
production of dihydrotestosterone, the chemical which contributes to
prostate enlargement and is also implicated in male-pattern baldness.
ACTIONS include:
tonic, diuretic, urinary antiseptic.
Please note:
Although some herbalists and naturopaths may recommend saw palmetto to
restore libido and increase breast size in women, most research has
been conducted regarding its effects on adult male health. For this
reason it is not recommended to administer this herb to mares unless
under the guidance of a professional equine herbalist.
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Scullcap
(Scutellaria laterifolia/lateriflora)
Scullcap (sometimes spelt ‘Skullcap’)
has been used traditionally by Native Americans to stimulate
menstruation and relieve premenstrual symptoms, as well as to
encourage the expulsion of the placenta after giving birth, and to
treat rabies. These days, scullcap is taken predominantly as a
nerve tonic, for its ability to ease stress and anxiety, and to
restore the nervous system – even being used to reduce symptoms in
neurological conditions such as epilepsy. It can be used (under
professional guidance) as part of treatment for the horse who
“consistently and seriously over-adrenalise[s]” 1 and
doesn’t return easily to a normal, calm state.
Scullcap has antispasmodic and
sedating actions, and clinical trials involving one of scullcap’s
active constituents – scutellarin – have shown it’s ability to
improve blood flow in patients suffering blood clotting illnesses.
ACTIONS include: relaxant and
restorative for the central nervous system, antispasmodic, sedative,
mildly astringent (having a contracting effect on mucosal
membranes).
Please note:
The dosage of this herb (both the form in which it is administered
and the quantity) should be determined by a professional herbalist
and used only under his/her instruction. Due to its traditional use
to encourage menstruation and expel afterbirth, it is advisable to
avoid this herb during pregnancy.
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1
Ferguson, A Practical Horse Herbal
Sheep
Sorrel
(Rumex acetosella)
This tall, perennial herb of the buckwheat family is, depending on
one’s perspective, either a nuisance weed or a lifesaver.
Originally from Europe
this herb is now naturalised in North America and considered a
noxious and invasive weed in many agricultural areas. In contrast,
it has been used by Native American tribes in Canada and the U.S. as
a food and medicine, most notably in a healing formula containing
three other herbs – slippery elm, burdock and rhubarb. This formula
came to the attention, in the early 1920s, of a Canadian nurse Rene
Caisse who used it to treat cancer patients. This four-pronged
herbal combination came to be known as Essiac (‘Caisse’ spelt
backward) and has become popular as a cancer preventive and
treatment.
Sheep
Sorrel has a pungent lemon scent but despite its distinctive sour
taste is greatly enjoyed by grazing animals. It contains
b-carotene
(the precursor to vitamin A) and vitamins C, D, E, K and B complex,
as well a range of minerals including silicon, sulphur and copper.
In addition, it contains phytoestrogens similar to those found in
legumes such as red clover, licorice and soy, all known for their
health-restoring properties.
Sheep
Sorrel has been traditionally used to treat inflammation, fever and
scurvy, and is considered a ‘cleansing’ herb, due in part to its
diuretic effect.
Although
scientific data on sheep sorrel is limited, in vitro studies
have demonstrated that Essiac tea possesses properties that are
common to natural anti-cancer agents – it has potent antioxidant and
DNA-protective activity, as well as an immune enhancing and tumour-inhibiting
effect.
ACTIONS:
antioxidant, diuretic, mildly laxative (at higher doses),
anti-inflammatory.
CAUTION:
fresh sheep sorrel eaten in excess can be toxic to grazing animals
due to the oxalates it contains. Likewise, administering excessive
doses can cause kidney or liver damage. It is contraindicated in
those with a history of kidney stones.
DRUG INTERACTIONS:
The laxative and diuretic components of sheep sorrel may increase
the action of drugs with similar activity and should thus not be
taken simultaneously with such drugs.
Siberian Ginseng
(Eleutherococcus
senticosus)
The root of
the Siberian ginseng plant (also called “Eleuthero”)
is known as a stimulating adaptogen.
The term ‘adaptogen’ is used to
refer to herbs which aid the body’s ability to adapt to stress –
they increase the body’s resistance to stress by normalising
body function, balancing out body chemistry, no matter what
‘direction’ is required. For example, reducing high blood
pressure or increasing low blood pressure. Used for centuries
as a general tonic for both animals and humans, Siberian ginseng
is applicable to situations when the body requires support due
to pressure from – chronic illness, strenuous exercise,
infection, or exposure to toxic chemicals or radiation. Studies
conducted in
Russia have suggested that
Siberian ginseng could reduce the risk of
postvaccination reactions.
Human
athletes taking Eleuthero have
experienced an increase in stamina – the ability to exercise for
longer before experiencing a lactic acid build up, muscle
soreness or exhaustion.
ACTIONS
include: adaptogenic, tonic,
stimulant, supports the immune
system.
Due to
ginseng’s stimulating nature it is suggested to consult
a herbalist to determine both dosage
and length of treatment. Do not use ginseng and prescribed
drugs simultaneously without first consulting your
vet/herbalist.
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Slippery Elm Bark Powder
(Ulmus
fulva/rubra)
The
finely powdered inner bark of the Red Elm tree, native to
North America, has been
used by indigenous people for many years and is now employed
by both herbal and orthodox medicines. Slippery elm bark
powder is pale pink-brown in colour and its distinctive
mucilaginous (slimy and slippery) texture, when mixed with
moisture, sees it applied to conditions where mucous
membranes are irritated/inflamed. This includes membranes
of the respiratory and urinary systems as well as the entire
gastro-intestinal tract, including the throat and
oesophagus.
For
horses, slippery elm bark powder is most commonly used
internally, to treat conditions such as scouring (diarrhoea)
and gastric ulceration and as aftercare in some types of
colic cases. It soothes and coats injured and inflamed
tissues, helping them to heal and reducing the likelihood of
scarring, as well as drawing out toxins and irritants. It
can be added to a moist chaff/grain feed or combined with
plain yoghurt (with live cultures) and/or honey, mashed
banana or mashed pumpkin, and added to feed or syringed into
the mouth.
Externally, the bark powder is used for poulticing
wounds/injuries. Depending on the situation, it can be used
by itself or combined with other herbs, and when it is
moistened its soft, sticky, malleable consistency is helpful
for moulding and applying poultices in difficult to bandage
areas.
Slippery
elm bark powder is widely acknowledged as safe and effective
and can be used on horses of all ages, from foals to the
aged. Follow recommended dosage rates and do not administer
it simultaneously with other medications as its mucilaginous
texture can interfere with their absorption.
ACTIONS
include: demulcent and emollient (soothing and protecting
membranes/surfaces), mildly astringent (having a binding or
contracting effect on mucous membranes), nutritive.
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Spirulina
Spirulina is a single-cell, blue-green algae grown as
food for human and animal consumption. The blue-green
pigmentation is due to its chlorophyll (green) and
phycocyanin (blue) content.
Spirulina has a high concentration of functional
nutrients including : beta-carotene (the precursor to
Vitamin A), alpha-tocopherol (Vitamin E), gamma-linolenic
acid (a highly beneficial Omega 6 EFA), B vitamins,
iron, calcium, magnesium, manganese, potassium,
selenium, zinc, bioflavonoids and protein. The protein
in spirulina is complete protein, that is, it contains
all the essential amino acids (those not able to be
manufactured by the body). In addition it also contains
a number of non-essential amino acids – those that the
body can produce itself if necessary, but which it can
also utilise directly if they are available in the diet.
Spirulina has been used as a nutritional supplement by
the World Health Organization (WHO) to feed malnourished
children, resulting in a decrease of a type of
blindness that results from inadequate dietary vitamin
A.
With
regards to allergies, spirulina has been shown to reduce
allergic, inflammatory reactions by (amongst other
influences) inhibiting the release of histamine. It is
histamine which causes itchiness. In addition to
suppressing allergic reactions, spirulina also increases
several other immunological functions that enhance
disease resistance. Administering spirulina was shown to
markedly improve the immune function of children living
in the areas adjacent to Chernobyl.
Please note:
Due to the high beta-carotene content of spirulina there
is no need to feed another high vitamin A supplement if
spirulina is being used regularly at the dosage
recommended for treating Queensland Itch (refer to the
article “Dietary Help for the Itchy Horse”). Also,
spirulina, when it is growing, readily absorbs minerals
and toxins from its environment and it is therefore
important to ensure a reputable, quality source of
spirulina is used – one grown in an unpolluted
environment.
St. Mary’s
Thistle
(Silybum marianum/Carduus marianus)
Also known as Milk Thistle,
for its reputed ability to promote breast milk production,
St. Mary’s Thistle (SMT) has been used in herbal medicine
for a couple of thousand years. Substantial research has
confirmed the traditional knowledge that SMT seeds have a
remarkable protective and restorative effect on the liver –
that amazingly complex organ whose metabolic processes
largely bear the burden of the body’s detoxification work.
Much of the therapeutic
benefit of SMT seeds is attributed to a group of potent
antioxidant bioflavonoids, known together as silymarin,
which are able to guard and stabilise cell membranes,
preventing the invasion of toxins, as well as enhance the
regeneration of liver cells already damaged by
detoxification processes.
St. Mary’s Thistle can assist
both the healthy or sick liver in its constant encounters
with environmental toxins. It is particularly applicable
for horses who have suffered liver damage from poisons,
infections, high worm burdens, reactions to worming drugs,
or ongoing/excessive pharmaceutical drug use. SMT can be
taken long term, and indeed needs be taken for a
prolonged period (at least 4-12 weeks) to be of most
benefit. For horses, St. Mary’s Thistle seeds can be fed
whole or they can be ground up to aid in their digestion.
ACTIONS include: liver tonic
– protective and stimulant; cholagogue (promoting bile
flow); increasing breast milk production; antidepressant.
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TANSY
- Tanacetum vulgare - Strongly aromatic shrub, with an erect stem,
feathery leaves with yellow disc-shaped flowerheads.
The flowers are the part used and they contain a volatile oil.
Tansy is used chiefly as part of a worming mix to expel all types
of worms. Can kill scabies,
lice and fleas.
top^
Thyme
Thymus vulgaris
Thyme
is another aromatic herb which is used not only for its culinary
applications but also for its powerfully therapeutic medicinal
properties. Long used as an antiseptic and tonic herb, thyme has
garnered a reputation for being effective in treating respiratory
ailments – breaking up congestion, and easing coughing and bronchial
spasm. Thyme contains over a dozen antiseptic compounds and can be
constituted of up to 21 percent (dry-weight) of bactericidal
compounds. One of thyme’s constituents, thymol, is potently
antiseptic and antifungal, and reputedly assists in deterring
intestinal worms.
Thyme’s
carminative and antispasmodic properties can be utilised to settle
digestive complaints, including some colics, and when used topically
(i.e. externally) thyme will stimulate circulation in the area to
which it is applied, as well as easing muscle spasms and working
against infection. Thyme is also considered an anti-aging herb.
Its strong antioxidant action may prevent/reduce the breakdown of
essential fatty acids in the brain, thereby slowing the aging
process.
ACTIONS
include: antioxidant, antiseptic, antifungal, tonic, expectorant
(encouraging the movement of mucous up the bronchials),
antispasmodic, carminitive and digestive tonic, astringent(having a
binding action on mucous membranes), anthelmintic (anti-worm);
Topical: stimulates blood flow to an area.
CAUTIONS: Thyme
has been traditionally used as a uterine stimulant and to help expel
retained afterbirth and therefore therapeutic doses should be
avoided during pregnancy. The thymol in thyme (part of the volatile
oil) should not be taken in large quantities and thyme should be
used in moderation – do not exceed recommended dosages.
top^
Uva
Ursi Leaf
Arctostaphylus
uva-ursi
Also known as
bearberry, and closely related to the cranberry and blueberry, it is
actually the uva
ursi leaves which are known for their effectiveness in
treating both acute and chronic infections and inflammation within
the urinary tract. Uva
ursi has been successfully used to
alleviate cystitis (inflammation of the bladder),
and is also applied to cases of urinary calculi (stones).
The urinary antiseptic properties of uva
ursi are attributed to a number of
phytochemicals within it, most notably
arbutin, which fight bacteria, encourage excretion and reduce
inflammation.
ACTIONS
include: Diuretic, astringent, urinary antiseptic/antibiotic.
top^
PLEASE NOTE:
Uva-ursi should only be taken short term
(usually 7-10 days) – it is not for frequent or long-term use. It
is not to be administered during pregnancy or to those suffering
from kidney disease. Some herbs high in tannins, such as
uva-ursi, can interfere with the
absorbtion/effectiveness of some drugs
or may potentiate the effect of diuretic medications. Consult with
your vet and herbalist before administering
uva-ursi simultaneously with drug medications.
Turmeric (Curcuma longa)
Known as the vibrant yellow ingredient used liberally in Indian
curries, turmeric has a long history of use in both Indian and
Chinese traditional medicine, and has also been used as a textile
dye – as anyone who’s spilt a yellow curry on their clothes can
appreciate!
It is to that vivid
yellow-orange pigment – curcumin – that potent therapeutic
properties are attributed. It is powerfully antioxidant
(significantly more so than vitamin E or C) and this ability to
neutralise free radicals before they damage healthy cells and cell
membranes, in conjunction with its anti-inflammatory effects (via a
number of pathways), contribute to its role in preventing or
alleviating an impressive array of conditions, including many
cancers, arthritis, diabetes, gastrointestinal disorders,
cardiovascular disease, liver ailments, and Alzheimer’s.
ARTHRITIS:
Curcumin inhibits the breakdown of cartilage and has been shown in
some studies to be as effective as hydrocortisone and phenylbutazone
(bute) in relieving the symptoms of arthritis such as inflammation,
swelling and joint stiffness. Even better, it does so without the
significant side-effects of those drugs, and has been shown to be
safe at very large doses.
CANCER:
Curcumin defends the body against cancer via a number of actions: it
detoxifies carcinogens thereby preventing the initiation of cancer
cells; suppresses the progression of cancerous cells by inhibiting
their proliferation while simultaneously increasing their death and
removal; and inhibits the spread of cancerous cells to other areas
of the body. It can also reduce the side effects of chemotherapy
treatment and enhance the action of some chemotherapy agents.
Various studies have demonstrated either turmeric (as a whole food
or extract) or curcumin/curcuminoids (as isolates) to have
beneficial results in preventing or treating a wide range of
cancers. These include skin, ovarian, breast, lung, oral, stomach,
liver, colon and prostate cancers.
LIVER
FUNCTION:
Turmeric has a hepatoprotective (liver-protecting) action. That is,
it both prevents and repairs liver damage. It protects the liver
from inflammation and improves ‘the clearing function of the liver
when it has been damaged.’1
GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT:
In vitro studies have shown extracts of turmeric and curcumin
inhibit the growth of Helicobacter pylori a bacterium
associated with both gastric & duodenal ulcer formation and gastric
& colon cancers. Other studies have indicated that turmeric (at
appropriate doses) can enhance the healing of gastric ulcers via an
increase in gastric wall mucus production. Further, turmeric has
been shown to have an antispasmodic effect on the gastro-intestinal
tract. In addition, turmeric and curcumin have been investigated
and found to be protective against Inflammatory Bowel Disease.
CARDIOVASCULAR EFFECTS:
Curcumin improves the liver’s ability to clear the body of LDL
(‘bad’ cholesterol), and increases the proportion of HDL (‘good’
cholesterol). In addition it prevents the oxidation of both LDL and
HDL (oxidised cholesterol leads to blood vessel damage and plaque
build up that can result in heart attack or stroke).
Diabetic animals fed
curcumin not only had a significant reduction of blood cholesterol
levels (LDL fraction) but also of blood triglycerides and
phospholipids (elevated levels of both are associated with the
disturbed lipid metabolism characteristic of diabetes).
Turmeric is a good
source of vitamin B6, a high intake of which is associated with a
lowered risk of heart disease.
Curcumin exhibits
anticoagulant effects – allowing blood to flow correctly and
inhibiting abnormal blood clot formation (thrombosis).
ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE:
In addition to the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant protection
turmeric/curcumin affords against neurodegenerative diseases,
curcumin has been shown, after crossing the blood-brain barrier, to
inhibit formation of the plaques between neurons (nerve cells) that
disrupt brain function.
As well as all the
above, turmeric has demonstrated the ability to suppress cataract
development, promote wound healing and have a topical anti-fungal
effect. It is an excellent source of iron and manganese, and a good
source of vitamin B6 and potassium.
Anyone sceptical that
their horse would consume a curry-flavoured feed can take comfort
from a study which investigated flavour preferences in horses.
Turmeric was accepted by all horses in the study (although fenugreek
won out as the favourite flavour).
ACTIONS: antioxidant,
anti-inflammatory, carminative, chemopreventive, antimicrobial,
depurative (“blood purifying”), hepatoprotective, antithrombotic.
CAUTION: If major
surgery is planned high doses of turmeric should be avoided during
the week prior, due to the possible increased risk of bleeding as a
result of antiplatelet activity.
DRUG
INTERACTION: Theoretically, high doses of turmeric could have an
additive effect when combined with antiplatelet or anticoagulant
medication; consult a veterinarian before simultaneous
administration.
1Wynn
& Fougere, 2007
Valerian
Valeriana
officinalis
Valerian root
has been used medicinally for at least 2,000 years. In medieval
times it was used to treat a wide variety of conditions and earned
itself the common name of “all-heal”. Whilst the pungent aroma of
the root powder is unpleasant to many human noses, cats and rats are
apparently quite enamoured of it and in one version of the tale of
the Pied Piper of Hamelin he lured the rats to their deaths not only
with the music he played but also by enticing them with valerian!
Valerian was used in the first and second World Wars respectively –
to prevent shell shock in troops and to reduce civilian stress
during air raids.
Valerian is a
herbal remedy which, due to it’s ability
to relieve many stress-related symptoms, has become increasingly
popular in recent times. Insomnia, nervous tension & anxiety, mood
disturbances, pain, headache, asthma, irritable bowel syndrome,
palpitations and even some cases of epilepsy have all been
successfully treated with valerian. European research has verified
valerian’s facility for encouraging restful sleep (both the ability
to fall asleep as well as sleep quality) and lowering blood
pressure. It helps to calm the excitable and over-active mind as
well as relaxing muscle spasms. In addition to its proven ability
to quiet the central nervous system, valerian is free of the common
side effects of many pharmaceutical tranquilisers – impairment of
mental function, dream disturbance and morning-after “hangover”
experience. Valerian is non-addictive.
Valerian root is
one of the most widely used herbal nervines for calming horses.
When correctly applied and dosed, it can relieve anxiety and
excitability without reducing the horse’s mental faculties or their
physical ability to perform. Indeed, some experiments have shown
that valerian actually increases coordination and concentration
abilities.
Whilst valerian
should not be treated as a quick-fix, silver bullet for a horse’s
nervous problems, it can be helpful for treating issues which have a
stress-related origin. Some ailments which can respond to valerian
(often in conjunction with other herbs) are ulcers, some
colics, constipation, muscle spasms
(both gut and skeletal), flatulence and
bronchial conditions. It has also been used to treat rheumatism,
and as part of herbal mixtures to treat tying up and stringhalt. It
is reputed to discourage some intestinal parasites.
ACTIONS
include: tranquilising, sedative, antispasmodic (muscle relaxant),
hypotensive (reduces blood pressure), carminative (reducing stomach
upset), anodyne (pain relieving), laxative.
Please note:
-
Valerian is
considered a banned substance by most equestrian competition
associations.
-
Due to its
strong aroma and the need to slowly build to a suitable
individual dose for a particular horse, valerian should be
introduced gradually to the horse’s feed. A qualified equine
herbalist should be consulted regarding appropriate dosage.
-
Too much
valerian can have a laxative effect. Do not administer valerian
to horses prone to loose manure without consulting a qualified
equine herbalist.
-
Do not
administer valerian to pregnant mares or combine valerian with
pharmaceutical tranquilisers without consulting both your vet
and equine herbalist.
Vervain
(Verbena
officinalis)
Vervain is
a herb which has been highly esteemed
by healers for centuries. The Greek
physician Hippocrates – known as the father of medicine –
favoured it, and it has been considered sacred, magical and a
“cure-all” by various cultures through the ages (Medieval
British/European, Greek, Italian, Chinese and American Indian).
Vervain has
tonic, nerve restoring and “lifting” qualities which, combined
with its ability to improve liver and digestive function, makes
it well-suited to those (human or horse) who are convalescing
from chronic illness. As a nervine
relaxant and antispasmodic it can assist horses who are tense
and sensitive by relaxing the gut, peripheral nerves and
muscles, allowing them to perform without “burning up” their
energy through anxiety. Used both internally as a feed herb and
externally as a poultice it can also relieve itchiness in those
horses whose tension is expressed through overly reactive skin.
Further,
vervain is diaphoretic and is valuable in managing fevers.
It’s antispasmodic effects see it
also applied to coughs, asthma and headaches. In addition it is
galactogogue – encouraging
lactation.
ACTIONS
include: antispasmodic, nervine,
tonic, hepatic (supporting and stimulating the liver),
galactogogue, diaphoretic (promotes
sweating), sedative/relaxant, uterine stimulant.
Caution:
Do not administer to pregnant mares without consulting a
qualified equine herbalist – research has shown that vervain can
stimulate uterine contractions.
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Violet Leaf
(Viola
odorata)
Violets have been used as
medicine since ancient times for a wide array of conditions,
even “moderating anger” and “dispelling the fumes of wine”!
The expectorant and demulcent actions of violet leaf (and
flowers) have long been applied to chest colds, coughs and
congestion. Violet has an affinity with the lymphatic
system and can assist in stimulating and “cleansing” it. In
addition, violet has a reputation for reducing and
preventing cancerous growths. Consult a qualified,
experienced equine herbalist for advice in this regard,
especially if the aim is to treat/prevent melanoma in grey
horses.
Violets, especially the
flowers, contain
rutin, a bioflavonoid that has been scientifically confirmed
to both strengthen and improve the flexibility of fragile
blood vessels.
ACTIONS include: expectorant
(encouraging the expulsion of mucous), anti-infammatory,
diuretic (promoting increased urine flow), anti-tumour,
alterative (“blood purifier”, speeding up tissue renewal).
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WHITE
WILLOW BARK
–
Salix alba -
Bitter, digestive herb, with the bark being the potent part.
Famous for being the original source of salicylic acid (the
precursor to aspirin), but unlike aspirin, it does not thin the blood.
Used for thousands of years to relieve joint pain and to manage
fevers.
An excellent remedy for arthritic and rheumatic pain affecting
joints such as hips and knees, and also the back.
It relieves inflammation and swelling, improving mobility in
aching, painful joints. Available in bark form or as a powder.
WILD
YAM ROOT-
Dioscorea villosa – Antispasmodic, anti-inflammatory, antirheumatic,
diuretic. Useful as a
hormonal regulator, reduces pain and inflammation and relaxes stiff
muscles in affected areas. Useful
aid also for digestive problems.
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Wood Betony
(Stachys/Betonica
officinalis)
A significant Anglo-Saxon herb, wood betony has been praised by
classical and medieval physician-herbalists for its healing of many
illnesses. One classical physician claimed it could cure 47
different ailments; and betony’s mildly diuretic action must have
been in evidence for Gerard, in 1597, to comment that “it
maketh a man to
pisse well”.
Although no longer considered a panacea, wood
betony remains a valued member of the herbal repertoire. It gently
tones and relaxes the nervous system and is used to relieve
headaches and facial pain which have resulted from anxiety and
tension. Horses who are: tense/sore in
the head and poll, headtossers, or
sufferers of sinus congestion/infection could be candidates for this
herb, used in combination with, and as a support for, the actions of
other herbs. The bitter and astringent nature of betony promotes
good digestion.
ACTIONS include: Sedative, bitter
digestive remedy, nervine, circulatory
tonic, astringent, mild diuretic.
CAUTION Do not use this herb during pregnancy
due to its potential to stimulate the uterus;
it may be taken during labour. Do not exceed recommended
dosages.
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Yarrow (Achillea millefolium)
What’s in a name…? In the case of yarrow, quite a lot… This native
European herb’s folk name was “nosebleed” because of its
effectiveness at stopping blood flow in first aid situations. In
classical times it was called “herba militaris” – the military herb
– because it was used by soldiers to staunch their wounds; and its
genus name (the first part of its botanical name) originates from
the story of the mythical character Achilles’ use of the herb to
treat his warriors’ war wounds.
Yarrow is considered a wound healing herb because in addition to its
styptic action (stopping external blood flow by constricting blood
vessels) yarrow counters tissue swelling and inflammation and helps
to resolve bruising. It has also demonstrated some antibacterial
action. When treating open wounds yarrow is often used in
conjunction with other antiseptic herbs such as calendula or
hypericum, or with raw honey (also antiseptic).
Yarrow’s prowess as an external application for injuries is by no
means its only talent. Like other herbs classed as bitters,
yarrow’s use as a digestive tonic and appetite improver is related
to its ability to both promote gastrointestinal secretions and ease
spasms in the smooth muscle of the GI tract; and it is this
antispasmodic effect on smooth muscle that has also been utilised to
treat menstrual discomfort – soothing uterine contractions (cramps)
during menstruation. Yarrow’s reputation as a gynaecological herb
has been further earned by its ability to regulate the menstrual
cycle and either reduce heavy bleeding or restore menstruation when
it has been abnormally absent.
Yarrow is also valued as a cold, flu and fever-managing herb. Its
diaphoretic and febrifuge effects (promoting perspiration by
enhancing peripheral circulation and aiding the body to reduce
fever) are able to bring healing relief without unduly suppressing
symptoms (as drugs may do).
Amongst its broad range of effects, yarrow has also demonstrated
antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and diuretic effects, as well as some
analgesic (pain-relieving) activity.
In
areas where yarrow grows wild, or amongst meadows and pastures, it
is readily grazed by sheep, cattle and horses.
Yarrow can be used to treat horses who have experienced Exercise
Induced Pulmonary Haemorrhage (EIPH) in which bleeding occurs in the
lungs or trachea during exertion, sometimes becoming apparent when
epistaxis results - blood trickles down the nasal passages. These
‘bleeders’ need the assistance of yarrow to improve the integrity of
their blood vessel walls, to subdue the bleeding and to enhance
peripheral circulation.
ACTIONS include: Astringent, peripheral vasodilator, diaphoretic
(increases sweating), febrifuge (fever reducing), digestive
stimulant (bitter tonic), anti-spasmodic, anti-inflammatory,
menstrual regulator, mild diuretic and urinary antiseptic.
CAUTION: Seek advice from a herbalist before administering this
herb during pregnancy as it can have a uterine stimulating effect;
do not administer concurrently with sedative, diuretic, blood
pressure or blood thinning medications without consulting your vet
and herbalist. Rare cases of allergic skin reactions are reported
in response to yarrow – cease use if this occurs. Extended use may
increase skin photosensitivity.
Yucca
(Yucca, various
species)
The leaves and
roots of the tree-like, succulent yucca plants have been used by
native Americans for many years, and yucca is one of the oldest herbs
used to treat arthritis in horses. It is yucca’s saponin content
(saponins are plant steroid precursors of cortisone) that are credited
with the anti-inflammatory benefit for conditions like arthritis.
Extracts of some yucca species have also been found to improve
circulation, aid digestion and relieve headache. Externally, yucca
has been used to treat skin irritations and lesions.
Yucca is used as a dietary supplement for livestock and domestic pets
to reduce the odor of faeces and urine. For intensively farmed and
housed livestock, this improvement in environmental conditions
subsequently increases weight gain, production and performance.
Please note:
-
It is thought
that yucca works best for arthritic cases when taken over a period
of time. It could take a number of weeks before improvement is
noted.
-
Yucca may swab
as a prohibited substance in competition conditions.
-
There is the possibility that long term use of yucca can interfere
with the absorbtion of fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K).
Periodically taking a break from yucca administration is
recommended.
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