AGRIMONY - Agrimonia eupatoria - Has been used by herbalists to heal wounds due to its ability to staunch bleeding and encourage clot formation. If the liver has been affected by poisons or other toxins, including ingestion of poisons from feeding, agrimony is certainly useful in maintaining a good blood supply to this organ. Also good for spleen and kidney blood supply. Its astringent and mildly bitter properties may help in cases of scouring and as a gentle digestion tonic. top^

ALOES - Aloe Ferox - Key actions of Aloe is its ability to heal wounds, an emollient, stimulates secretions of bile and has laxative effects. It is anti-parasitic, so can be used as part of a herbal worming mix. An aloe vera plant near the stable is a terrific first aid use. When a leaf is broken off, a soothing gel is released which may be applied to burns, stings and rashes. Works equally as well on humans. top^

WARNING: As it has muscle stimulating properties, do not use internally on pregnant mares.

BASIL LEAF - Ocimum basilicum - The leaves and flowering tops of basil are used in herbal medicine. Basil acts primarily on the nervous and digestive systems, easing stomach cramps, flatulence, colic and indigestion. It is also thought to kill intestinal worms. It has a mildly sedative action, being useful for nervous irritability and anxiety, and has an antibacterial action. The juice from the fresh leaves of basil act as an insect repellent when applied externally and can also bring relief to insect bites and stings. top^

BEETROOT POWDER – Beetroot contains folate, potassium and manganese. It is believed the red pigmentation contains certain anti-cancer agents and beetroot has been used in the treatment of cancer for some years. Beetroot is also hepatoprotective. In animal tests, it has been used effectively to keep fat from depositing in the liver, due probably to the herb’s concentration of betaine. Indian medicine has long used it as a treatment for coughs and infections. The root contains about a tenth portion of pure sugar, which is one of the glucoses or fruit sugars, which is very wholesome. Softer than cane sugar, it does not crystallize as well as the latter, and unlike cane sugar, the sugar present in beetroot is already in a more easily assimilated form, thus making the beet a valuable food. top^

BILBERRY LEAF - Vaccinium myrtillus - Improves impaired peripheral blood flow, used to treat fluid retention and pain. As capillary function is improved, healing of inflammation is possible. Circulatory tonic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, astringent, urinary antiseptic. top^

BORAGE - Borago officinalis - The leaves and flowers are used. With a high mucilage content, borage is a demulcent herb and soothes respiratory problems. The leaves are diuretic and the flowers encourage sweating. Borage should not be used long-term and professional advice should be sought before using this herb. top^

BOSWELLIA (Boswellia serrata) Boswellia serrata is a large deciduous tree that grows in the dry, hilly regions of India. The purified gum resin derived from it (also known as Indian Frankincense, Indian olibanum and salai guggal) provides one of nature’s most effective pain and inflammation fighters. Ayurvedic practitioners have used boswellia for centuries to treat a number of conditions, and modern science is now confirming its effectiveness, particularly for arthritic conditions.

In Ayurvedic medicine (the traditional medicine of India) boswellia has been used for arthritis, rheumatism, bronchitis, asthma, dysentery, diarrhoea, jaundice, inflammatory skin disease, ulcers and un-descended testicles (!). Modern herbalists primarily use boswellia to treat arthritis and other inflammatory conditions. Boswellia reduces inflammation by inhibiting one of the key enzymes in inflammatory processes; it also relieves pain via a sedative effect on the nervous system.

In human arthritic studies (using standardised extracts) boswellia has been seen to be equally, or more, effective than standard drug treatments. Patients reported decreased pain and increased range of movement. In experimental animals boswellia reduced swelling as effectively as non-steroidal anti-inflammatories (NSAIDs) without producing the side effects (such as gastro-intestinal irritation/bleeding) associated with those drugs. Boswellia has also been shown to be valuable in treating musculoskeletal pain in general, and it has a synergy with glucosamine and is thus used in conjunction with joint building supplements in a number of commercial equine preparations.

In human experiments boswellia has shown value in reducing disease markers for inflammatory gastro-intestinal disorders such as Crohn’s disease and colitis, as well as benefit in treating bronchial asthma.

ACTIONS include: anti-inflammatory, expectorant, diuretic, analgesic, anti-arthritic (both rheumatoid and osteo).

Boswellia is considered very safe. In a four-week toxicity study, animals fed high doses of boswellia showed no significant changes in blood chemistries. top^

BURDOCK ROOT - Arctium lappa - One of the leading detoxifying herbs in both Western and Chinese herbal medicine. It is used to treat conditions arising from an “overabundance” of toxins, such as boils, rashes and chronic skin problems. Helps to cleanse the body of waste products. A constituent in burdock is thought to have an antibiotic effect. It has anti-bacterial and anti-fungal properties, as well as hypoglycaemic (lowering blood sugar levels) and diuretic effects, with an anti-tumour action also. Usually used in combination with another herb or herbs. top^

CALENDULA FLOWERS - Calendula officinalis - The cultivar, calendula officinalis, should only be used, and not the common garden variety. The bright orange petals are used, and have antiseptic and healing properties, helping to prevent the spread of infection and hasten the rate of repair. A wash can be made from the flowers, which won’t sting when applied to the skin. Widely considered a detoxifying herb, it aids in treating toxicity that underlies many fevers, infections and skin disorders. Available also as a cream, proving invaluable for the first aid kit/stable as it can be applied directly to cuts and wounds, without stinging. top^

CAPSICUM -Red & Green Bell Peppers- Rich in Vitamin C, as well as containing large amounts of potassium and Vitamin A. They have tonic and antiseptic effects, stimulate circulatory and digestive systems and increase sweating. They can also increase blood circulation and aid with digestive problems. top^

CARROT GRANULES - Daucus carota - This common vegetable is easily digested and nutritious, and is also a wonderfully cleansing medicine. It supports the liver, and stimulates urine flow and the removal of wastes by the kidneys. The juice of organically grown carrots is a delicious drink and a valuable detoxifier. NOTE: Use only organic carrots for juicing, as the root concentrates artificial fertilizers and insecticides. High in carotene, which is converted to Vitamin A by the liver, and a rich source of antioxidant compounds. As well, carrots provide at least 1000 milligrams of potassium per pound and they contain significant amounts of calcium, phosphorus and magnesium. Eating carrots can improve your eyesight – not just an old wives tale. top^

CELERY SEEDS - Apium graveolens - Widely grown as a vegetable and salad plant, the seeds of this plant are used to treat urinary, rheumatic and arthritic problems. A good cleansing, mildly diuretic herb, useful in ridding the system of an accumulation of waste products. An improvement in circulation of fluids encourages a horse to drink and sweat more easily. Celery has a significant antiseptic action with carminative (warming) effects. top^

CHAMOMILE -Matricaria recutita- The small daisy-like flowers of chamomile – called “Ground Apple” by the ancient Greeks because of their smell – are most noted for their calming, relaxing effects on both the digestion and the nerves. Chamomile, though, has a wide range of actions in the body… it is well documented as having anti-inflammatory activity and is also beneficial in reducing allergic responses as it contains a number of anti-histamine chemicals. In addition, it is recognised as being ulcer-protective through its healing effect on the mucosa of the gastro-intestinal tract.

Chamomile can be especially helpful for the tense, restless horse prone to nervous colic and scouring. Indeed, it has an affinity for relieving digestive tract and organ spasm and pain (more so than the muscle aches and pains associated with physical exertion). It supports the body’s skeletal structure through its calcium phosphate content, and in the case of skin allergies it can be applied externally (as a ‘tea’ rinse) to help reduce itching and irritation. Chamomile is mildly anti-microbial, assisting the body to destroy or resist pathogenic (disease-causing) micro-organisms.

Interestingly, bunches of chamomile were once consistently hung in stables to deter flies.

ACTIONS include: Anti-inflammatory, anti-spasmodic, anti-microbial, bitter (digestive), carminative (eases flatulence and colic), sedative (reduces nervous tension), anti-allergenic, vasodilatory (widens blood vessels) and analgesic (pain relieving).

NOTE: Occasional hypersensitive reactions have been observed in the human population (amonst those who are allergic to members of the ragweed family), however this type of sensitivity is extremely rare. top^

CHASTE TREE BERRY - Vitex agnes castus - This herb is primarily used to balance hormonal irregularities in mares, but can inhibit the sex hormones of stallions if their behaviour is thought dangerous or seen to be causing them a loss in condition. Useful on its own or in combination with herbs specific for hormonal balance. top^

CINNAMON – Cinnamon verum - The cinnamon tree is native to Sir Lanka and India and the inner bark is used. The medicinal value of cinnamon is due to its volatile oil, which has stimulating and anti-viral properties. Traditionally used as a warming herb for cold conditions, often in combination with ginger. Also a traditional remedy for problems of the digestive system such as nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea. Cinnamon is a supporting and strengthening herb for weak digestion. WARNING: Do not use on pregnant mares as it can stimulate the uterus. top^

CLIVERS - Galium aparine - Clivers has antiseptic qualities and is a general detoxifier. High in Silica, it assists in the management and treatment of skin disorders. It is a herb used for treating the urinary system, but as many herbs can be used to treat urinary tract infections, professional herbal advice is recommended to get the most appropriate herb for the specific problem area. Also used to ease swollen legs and joints, support the lymphatic and endocrine systems and encourage the elimination of toxins, Clivers is also helpful if your horse experiences muscle tightening during or after exercise. top^

COMFREY LEAF - Symphytum officinale - What a wonderful herb! Has been used for thousands of years as a herb with abilities to mend broken bones. Has the same result on wounds, tendons, fractures, sprains, ulcers and cartilage. The allantoin content in comfrey is believed to accelerate the production of replacement cells, thereby minimising the possiblity of scar tissue, arthritis and proud flesh. Comfrey should only be used for a short period of time and the leaves of the plant are used orally or as a compress. top^

CORNSILK – Zea Mays - Cornsilk (the silky fronds wrapped around the cob) has always been the part of the plant most used medicinally, and is of particular value in treating urinary conditions. It is thought to stimulate production of bile, improving its flow from the liver through the bile ducts. Partly due to its significant potassium content, cornsilk is a useful diuretic for almost all problems of the urinary system. It soothes and relaxes the lining of the urinary tubules and bladder, relieving irritation and improving urine flow and elimination. It is also helpful in humans for frequent urination caused by irritation of the bladder and urethral walls, and for difficulty in passing urine, for example in prostate disorders. top^

DANDELION LEAF - The leaves of the Dandelion plant are generally fed to horses during spring as the herb assists with cleansing the blood. They are high in iron and calcium as well as Vitamins A, B, and D and are traditionally used as a tonic to stimulate the bladder.

DANDELION ROOT - Dandelion Root is helpful for horses recovering from an illness or a reaction to vaccination. Being a tonic, this herb assists to clean the liver, kidneys and blood and is high in potassium and magnesium. top^

DEVILS CLAW - Harpagophytum procumbens - A native of South and Eastern Africa. Used for its analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties, it is useful for treating pain in a range of joint and muscular problems. The bitter action of Devils Claw stimulates and tones the digestive system. As it is thought that most arthritic conditions are associated with poor digestion and absorption of food, Devils Claw has a stimulant effect on the stomach and gall bladder which contributes to its use as an anti-arthritic remedy.

Warning: Do not use in pregnant mares as it can stimulate the uterine muscle, and do not use on horses if there is suspicion of gut ulceration. top^

DONG QUAI -Angelica sinensis- The root of dong quai is undoubtedly one of the most honored and respected herbs in China, and its reputation is growing in the rest of the world. Experts estimate that dong quai has been used by the Chinese for at least 2OOO years. Dong quai is sometimes referred to as “female ginseng” in reference to its ability to regulate menstrual disorders. Dong quai is therefore specifically useful for “mare problems” - it is a useful tonic for mares that have difficulty in conceiving and it regulates the oestrus cycle.

It’s actions are not, however, confined to gynaecological areas. Its warming qualities make it useful for joint pains, especially during damp winters, the root’s anti-arthritic properties having been demonstrated by basic research. It helps protect the liver, animal studies indicating that it enhances metabolism – increasing oxygen utilization in the liver. It has also been shown to be effective against several strains of microorganisms, including the fungi Candida albicans (the primary causative agent in vaginal yeast infections). In addition, it has mild sedative, pain-relieving, anti-inflammatory and antispasmodic properties – relaxing the smooth muscle of visceral organs like the intestines (as well as the uterus). For this reason dong quai is useful for dry constipation caused by physical or emotional tension. The polysaccharides in dong quai have also been implicated in immune stimulation and healing of ulcerated gastric mucosa.

If a horse has suffered an injury which has resulted in muscle damage or wastage this herb can be useful in its recovery. It aids those muscles as well as helping the horse recover from the associated weakness and debility that can accompany a trauma.

ACTIONS/APPLICATIONS include: blood, respiratory and liver tonic; circulatory stimulant; laxative; sedative; analgesic; reduces blood pressure; regluates menstrual disorders; antispasmodic; and alterative (aiding elimination).

CAUTION: Do not give this herb to a mare once she has been served or during

pregnancy. In some individuals dong quai can cause an increased photosensitivity.

DRUG INTERACTIONS: Potential interaction with blood-thinning drugs or supplements, consult your vet and herbalist before combining dong quai with such drugs/supplements. top^

ECHINACEA - Echinacea purpurea - Commercially grown organically in Australia, overseas this species has been threatened in the wild. The leaves and flowers are used herbally, and this herb has a delightful aroma, which is also a good gauge of freshness. A number of constituents in the plant stimulate the immune system to counter bacterial and viral infections. One of these constituents inhibits the ability of viruses to enter and take over cells while another constituent has anti-bacterial and anti-fungal properties. Very useful in treating viral infections present and also post, eg Ross River Fever. Colds, flu, respiratory and skin conditions all benefit from echinacea.

NOTE: Feed only in three week intervals over a 12 week period. Giving a two week break will help ensure the body does not build a resistance to Echinacea. top^

ELECAMPANE – Inula helenium - The root of this plant has long been seen as a gently warming and tonic herb for the respiratory system. The warming effect, together with its ability to gently stimulate the clearing of mucus, makes it a wonderful herb to treat all respiratory infections, coughs and allergies specific to the lungs. Being mildly bitter, it also stimulates the appetite, aiding in recovery from illness by improving digestion and the absorption of nutrients. top^

EYEBRIGHT – Euphrasia officinalis - The aerial (above ground) parts of the plant are used. As its name suggests, it helps eye problems by relieving inflammation and tightening mucous membranes and is specifically used in treating conjunctivitis and blepharitis. Used for infections and allergic conditions affecting the eyes, middle ear, sinuses and nasal passages.

FENNEL – Foeniculum vulgare - The seeds of the plant are used, and contain essential oil. The primary use of fennel is to relieve bloating, but it also settles stomach pain, stimulates the appetite and is diuretic and anti-inflammatory. When combined with Uva-Ursi it makes an effective treatment for cystitis. Fennel can help increase breast milk production. KEEP TO PRESCRIBED DOSAGE RATES. top^

FENUGREEK – Trigonella-foenum-graecum - Strongly aromatic herb, and the seeds of the plant are used. It contains a volatile oil, flavonoids, mucilage, protein, Vitamins A, B & C, alkaloids, saponins and some minerals. The seeds can aid in recovery from illness and to encourage weight gain. They can also help in lowering a fever, and can also increase breast milk production. It is also thought to be antidiabetic and to help lower blood cholesterol levels. Available in seed or powder form. WARNING: Do not feed to pregnant mares as it may stimulate uterus contractions. top^

GARLIC -Allium sativum- Garlic is one of the few herbs that are universally recognised and used. It has been used as a medicine and tonic food for thousands of years by many different cultures/people including – ancient Egyptians and Romans; Chinese medicine; Ayurvedic medicine; and the Cherokee and Choco peoples. During the Great Plague of London garlic was the primary remedy for protection and cure, fetching more in price than gold. During WWII it was known as Russian Penicillin and was used to prevent septic poisoning and gangrene. It is the most widely known and used herb in the horse world.

Although the vampire-repelling properties of garlic have never been subject to medical scrutiny (!) there is much we do know about it…

Garlic is a stimulant for the immune system – it is the closest thing to a herbal wonder drug for treating infections. This is because garlic is anti-bacterial, anti-viral, anti-fungal and anti-parasitic. Garlic is rich in sulphur which is essential for healthy skin and hair, and garlic also contains bioflavonoid compounds such as quercetin which retard inflammatory reactions. Quercetin stabilises mast cells (which contain histamine) and inactivates many inflammatory enzymes, which makes garlic a useful anti-allergy tool. Garlic also works to improve circulation. It contains a number of anti-coagulant compounds and has a blood-thinning effect as well as being vasodilatory.

Garlic can be used to prevent and treat respiratory infections. Anyone who has had garlic breath has experienced this herb’s aromatic compounds being excreted through their lungs which is why garlic’s active ingredients can be so effective for respiratory complaints. There is evidence that in the digestive tract garlic acts selectively against pathogens (disease causing micro-organisms) whilst sparing beneficial flora. Further, garlic reduces the incidence of cancer, especially in the gastrointestinal tract – allicin (a volatile oil constituent of garlic) interferes with the generation of carcinogenic nitrosamines in the gut. Garlic is reputed to minimise intestinal worms (although it must not be relied upon as the sole means of worm control). Some insect repelling properties have been attributed to the feeding of garlic, however it seems this may be dependent on feeding garlic in its fresh, raw form.

ACTIONS include: anti-biotic, anti-viral, anti-fungal, anti-parastic, anti-histamine (anti-allergy), anti-coagulant, expectorant (encouraging passage of mucus up the bronchials), vasodilatory.

DRUG INTERACTIONS: Garlic could potentiate the blood-thinning effects/side-effects of some drugs/supplements, consult your vet/herbalist before simultaneous use.

PLEASE NOTE: Beware the tendency to think that “a little is good, a lot will be better” – garlic in excess can irritate the gut and/or cause Heinz-body anaemia*. Keep to recommended dosages. Do not use garlic if a horse has been scouring chronically, and use caution if you are feeding garlic to nursing mares as it may flavour/taint the milk and upset the foal’s digestive system.

*Heinz-body anaemia occurs when a constituent of garlic (and other members of the Allium plant family, including onions) is present in sufficient quantity to deplete red blood cells of a chemical which protects them from oxidative damage. When this occurs, the haemoglobin in the cells oxidises and forms a “bubble” - known as a Heinz body - on the outside of the red blood cell. The spleen then removes these deformed cells from the bloodstream. If this process of damage and subsequent removal occurs consistently, the horse gradually becomes anaemic. top^

GINGER - Zingiber officinale – Well known as a spice and flavouring, ginger is also one of the world’s best medicines. Anti-emetic: Highly effective in treating travel sickness, ginger given before floating horses can help settle, and given on arrival can tempt a horse to eat. The therapeutic benefits of ginger are largely due to its volatile oil and oleoresin content. Ginger is an excellent remedy for many digestive complaints, including nausea, colic, wind and indigestion. Its antiseptic properties also make it beneficial for gastro-intestinal infections. For the older, arthritic horse, ginger is a useful maintenance herb. It stimulates, circulates and helps blood flow to the surface, so can be an important remedy for chillblains and poor circulation to hands and feet. Dosage: 1 tsp of powdered ginger or fresh if available. (Also wonderful in cooking cakes, slices etc, with that wonderful ginger taste and only half the normal recipe amount is needed as it is a concentrated premium quality powder). top^

GINGKO -Gingko biloba- Gingko biloba – the maidenhair tree - is often referred to as a "living fossil" because of it’s antiquity. It is believed to be the world's oldest living tree species, dating back to about 200 million years ago. Due to their amazing resistance to disease, bugs and pollution each tree can live for over a thousand years. Ginkgo has been used in Traditional Chinese Medicine for over 4,000 years. These days the tree is native to China and Japan but is cultivated extensively elsewhere for use in herbal therapy.

Gingko has significant effects on the cardiovascular system and is valuable in a broad array of health issues related to problems with microcirculation – whether they be in the brain, legs or sex organs. It in part achieves this by reducing the tendency of blood to clot as well as having a tonic action on several aspects of neural functioning. Gingko also acts as an antioxidant - neutralising free radicals (which are directly implicated in the aging process).

In humans Ginkgo biloba has been used in cases of memory deficits, impaired concentration, depression, dizziness, tinnitus (ringing in the ears), intermittent claudication (reduced blood flow in narrowed leg arteries causing pain) and headache. Gingko extract has also been found to stabilize or improve a number of measures of cognitive and social functioning associated with various forms of dementia, as well as being able to improve the cognitive function of healthy individuals. Asian healers have used ginkgo extracts for thousands of years to treat asthma and allergies, and justifiably so – the herb contains many anti-inflammatory and anti-histamine compounds .

This herb can be helpful for a horse resuming work after a spell, or for older horses that are sound for riding but are slowing down. Due to its effect on peripheral and cerebral (brain) circulation it can assist the blood supply to limbs, and general alertness. It can also be employed with regards to respiratory disorders such as heaves or difficulty of breath, especially if they are suspected to be associated with a particular season or allergic reaction.

ACTIONS include: circulatory stimulant & tonic, antioxidant, anti-allergenic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-asthmatic.

DRUG INTERACTIONS: Gingko enhances the blood-thinning effects/side-effects of some drugs/supplements/herbs - consult your vet/herbalist before simultaneous use.

NOTE: Gingko’s benefits become more apparent over time. Allow at least four weeks to assess its effects. top^

GOLDEN ROD -Solidago virgaurea- As its name suggests, golden rod is distinguished by its tall rods of tiny, golden, glowing flowers. It is indigenous to Europe and is esteemed by Europeans as one of the safest and most effective diuretic-antiseptic herbs. It is therefore useful for urinary infections/inflammation and kidney stones/inflammation as well as being an excellent digestive aid, easing flatulence. In addition, bathing a wound (especially an infected one) with golden rod promotes healing.

In combination with echinacea it can be used to treat upper respiratory tract infections and catarrh (excessive mucous secretions). Some of golden rod’s constituents act specifically against the Candida fungus, and it’s anti-inflammatory properties have also been put to use relieving arthritic and rhematic pain.

ACTIONS include: Anti-inflammatory, relaxant, anti-catarrhal, antiseptic, diuretic (promoting urine flow), diaphoretic (encouraging sweating i.e. excreting via the skin), carminative (easing flatulence and soothing digestion) and anti-fungal.

Golden rod tea has a very pleasant taste, and can be used in your horse’s feed to aid digestion and to encourage eating.

NOTE: If your horse has a diagnosed chronic kidney condition then consult with your vet and herbalist before using golden rod.

Gotu Kola (Centella asiatica)

Not to be confused with the cola nut (part of the chocolate family) which imparts get-up-and-go via the effects of caffeine, Gotu Kola is a member of the parsley family, does not contain caffeine, and is used internally and externally to revitalise and heal.

Gotu Kola’s reputation, earned over centuries, is as a rejuvenator and brain food – improving concentration and memory, enhancing nervous function, healing wounds, and treating an array of skin disorders including eczema, psoriasis, scleroderma, and most notably - leprosy. It is also considered an anti-aging herb, staving off senility. Observers have noted that elephants, who have a reputation for longevity and memory, like to eat Gotu Kola’s semi-circular leaves.

As a nerve tonic Gotu Kola has long been used in Chinese and Ayurvedic medicine to ease depression and anxiety, and promote calmness and lucidity. Studies have substantiated both anxiety-relieving activity and learning enhancement.

Phytochemicals such as the asiaticoside and asiatic acid found in Gotu Kola appear to be key components of its regenerative power – maintaining the vitality and integrity of blood vessels and connective tissue, and supporting the body’s production of other key tissue-building substances such as chondroitin sulphate and hyaluronic acid. Its ability to stimulate collagen synthesis, as well as its anti-inflammatory properties, contributes to its ability to speed wound healing and minimise scarring. In clinical trials the external application of Gotu Kola has been beneficial in treating skin ulcers, skin grafts, surgical wounds and gangrene. Other studies have shown Gotu Kola extract (taken internally) to be useful in addressing circulatory problems such as water retention in the ankles and feet, venous insufficiency and varicose veins. It is also considered useful in treating arthritis.

In areas of traditional use, such as India, Gotu Kola is eaten in salads, drunk in juice and taken as tea. It can also be used dried, powdered and in extract form.

ACTIONS include: adaptogenic (improving the body’s nonspecific resistance to disease and stress), tonic, antirheumatic, mild diuretic, sedative, peripheral vasodilator, alterative (blood cleansing).

CAUTIONS: Occasionally Gotu Kola causes itching or nausea. It can also temporarily increase sensitivity to sunlight – be sure to wear sunscreen if taking Gotu Kola.

DRUG INTERACTIONS: Gotu Kola taken at the same time as sleep promoting drugs (including some antidepressants and anticonvulsants) can exaggerate their effects. It may also interfere with the effects of cholesterol or diabetes medications.

Guaiacum -Guaiacum officinale-Paracelsus was one of the key European healing figures of the sixteenth century who revolutionised attitudes to health care. He is known as the “father of chemistry” and was influential in the future development of chemistry, conventional medicine, herbal medicine and homeopathy. He also explored alchemy. It was during his time that merchants brought home a type of wood found in the West Indies and South America that was purported to contain a medicinal resin. This tough, dense, hard wood was different from any other wood known at the time because it sank in water, and when heated it exuded a resin now known as guaiacic resin. The common name for Guaiacum is Lignum vitae, meaning “wood of life”.

Guaiacum has anti-inflammatory properties that are of benefit in arthritic and rheumatic conditions, indeed, it is one of the best alteratives (blood purifiers) when rheumatoid symptoms are present, helping to reduce joint pain and swelling. It also acts as a diuretic, laxative, and sweat inducer, and speeds the elimination of toxins, which makes it valuable for treating gout.

ACTIONS include: anti-inflammatory, anti-rheumatic, circulatory stimulant, laxative, diaphoretic(promoting sweating), diuretic(increases urination).

Due to the high resin content in this valuable herb, caution is advised if gastritis or peptic ulceration are known or suspected. This herb should only be used for your horse under the supervision of a qualified herbalist. top^

HAWTHORN BERRIES - Crataegus oxycanthoides - Rich in flavonoids, Hawthorn berries are used to assist the function of the heart and general circulation by improving the body’s ability to use oxygen as well as being useful in nervous disorders. Country Park Animal Herbs have available Hawthorn Berry powder, granules and dried berries so you can cater to your horse’s individual dietary preferences. top^

Hawthorn -Crataegus oxycantha & C. monogyna- From the time of the ancient Greeks to the present day hawthorn has been regarded far and wide as a heart tonic – and a supreme one at that. During the Middles Ages It was seen as a symbol of hope and taken for many ailments. Considered magical by some, it was pinned to farmhouses, stables and barns to ward off lightning strikes. In China, hawthorn was noted as far back as 659 A.D. for treating stomach disorders, vascular disease and scurvy. Native Americans have also used it as a heart medicine, intestinal aid and general tonic. In the present day, hawthorn is one of the most popular herbal medicines in central Europe.

The berries of the thorny hawthorn shrub/tree appear similar to other fruit from the Rosaceae (rose) family, such as rosehips and crabapples, and, like them, are edible and nutritious. Traditionally the berries have been used in herbal preparations, although modern phytomedicinal extracts have primarily employed the leaves and flowers as it appears they contain a higher concentration of some of the “active ingredients” - bioflavonoids and proanthocyanidins - responsible for many of the cardiac benefits of hawthorn.

While there’s been no conclusive research regarding hawthorn protecting against lightning strikes(!), research has shown that hawthorn extracts improve heart function. Essentially, hawthorn assists the heart to be a more efficient pump. It achieves this by improving the heart muscle’s metabolism - dilating the coronary blood vessels which improves the blood and oxygen supply to the heart, allowing better and more stable, rhythmic contractions. In addition, it is a peripheral vasodilator – opening up blood vessels in the arms and legs, thereby facilitating a better flow of blood throughout the body. The bioflavonoids and proanthocyanidins also act as powerful antioxidants, protecting collagen, blood vessels and other tissue from oxidising damage.

In humans hawthorn is used to treat angina, coronary artery disease, mild congestive heart failure and irregular heartbeat, as well as intermittent claudication (reduced blood flow in narrowed leg arteries, causing pain). Further, herbalists using hawthorn have found that the plant has the ability to normalise blood pressure – remedying both high and low blood pressure.

With regard to horses, hawthorn’s effects on peripheral circulation makes it valuable for treating conditions such as navicular and laminitis. Indeed, horses and ponies suffering from these ailments have been observed seeking out the new growth on hawthorn bushes/trees. It also has applications for bleeders and horses suffering heart strain.

It is important to remember that hawthorn, like many herbs, is not a “quick fix”. It takes time for change to occur and hawthorn's effects are best realised when the appropriate dose is taken over a reasonable period of time - weeks or months. Any application of hawthorn to serious heart issues should be done in consultation with your vet/herbalist.

ACTIONS include: Cardiac tonic, coronary and peripheral vasodilator, antioxidant. top^

HOPS -Humulus lupulus- The ancient Romans grew hops as a garden plant and ate the young spring shoots which are reminiscent in taste of asparagus. English country folk and gypsies in the following centuries would continue to partake of hops in this manner and, as is so often the case, hops made its way into the herbalist’s repetoire via the kitchen – its medicinal value being discovered through noting the effects on people when the plant was eaten as a vegetable. Hops is a close relative of both stinging nettle and the Cannabis genus, and is native to North America, Europe, and Asia. It is distinguished by its vine-like leaves and unusual, green-yellow, scaly buds. The female flowers, called ‘strobiles’, are the parts now used medicinally and in the production of beer.

Hops have always been used to soothe and settle – by calming and toning the nerves in cases of anxiety, insomnia, tension and restlessness. The sedative action of hops, which has been confirmed experimentally, is due to its marked effect on the central nervous system. In addition it has been shown to have an antispasmodic action on smooth muscle which explains its use in the treatment of gastric and intestinal spasms. It also helps to stimulate digestion and trigger appetite. Oestrogenic substances are found in hops, as well as good antibiotic activity – it can be used externally for its antiseptic properties. As a sleeping aid, sachets of hops flowers have been put in/under pillows to release a calming aroma, and it can also be taken as a bed-time tea - it has a “pleasantly bitter” taste and a soothing, relaxing calm can be experienced within as little as 20 to 40 minutes after ingesting the herb.

As well as its primary use as a sedative, hops have been used traditionally in India and China for ailments such as headache, indigestion and intestinal cramps; and also by the Cherokee people as an anti-rheumatic, analgesic (it has some pain-relieving properties), and for kidney and urinary inflammation.

For horses, hops’ effects are valuable when help is needed to re-model old habits and nervous attitudes. It is also indicated for general debility, especially when the animal has lost its appetite and is wasting. It is the bitter principle of hops, which is well known to beer drinkers, that predominantly accounts for this herb’s ability to stimulate the digestive system.

Actions include: Sedative, visceral anti-spasmodic, bitter digestive tonic, astringent, antimicrobial (locally antiseptic and healing), anaphrodisiac, restoring tonic for nervous system, diuretic, anodyne (allays pain).

Please note: Hops contain oestrogenic substances and could interfere with pre-existing hormone therapy. Although hops has no known toxicity it can cause contact dermatitis in sensitive individuals. Hops must not be used in those suffering from depression. top^

Horseradish (Armoracia rusticana/Cochlearia armoracia) Known as a popular condiment, horseradish has a number of healing properties. It is valuable, both internally and externally, for stimulating circulation, and its ‘hot’ properties also contribute to expelling worms and stimulating the digestion by increasing appetite and gastric secretions. The flavonoids it contains are antioxidant. It is an internal antiseptic – most notably for the respiratory and urinary systems. Also used for its diuretic properties (i.e. its ability to promote an increase in urine flow).

Externally it has been used as a poultice (sometimes in combination with other ingredients) to reduce tumours and swellings.

ACTIONS include: strong circulatory stimulant; antibiotic; diuretic; diaphoretic (encouraging sweating); anthelmintic; stimulating of stomach secretions; laxative.

CAUTION: Introduce this strongly stimulating herb gradually - too much horseradish can irritate the gastrointestinal tract or the skin (if applied too long as a poultice). Horseradish should be avoided in cases of low thyroid function.

Horsetail (Equisetum arvense) A member of a very primitive family of plants, much of the therapeutic value of horsetail is due to its high silica content (silica plays an important role in the regeneration of connective tissue). Horsetail also contains many other minerals including potassium, phosphorous, iron, manganese, calcium, magnesium and selenium. It is considered valuable for the strengthening and repair of bones, as well as being used in the treatment of rheumatic and arthritic complaints. Externally it functions as a clotting agent to staunch the bloodflow from wounds and when taken internally is reputedly effective for nosebleeds and to reduce the coughing up of blood, as well as for deep-seated lung damage.

Horsetail is strongly diuretic (increasing urinary output) as well as being healing and tonic for the urinary mucous membranes, and is therefore used in a number of urinary disorders such as cystitis and urethritis.

ACTIONS include: astringent, stops bleeding, diuretic, anti-inflammatory, tissue healer, restorative to damaged pulmonary (lung) tissue, antibiotic.

CAUTION: Horsetail breaks down vitamin B₁ (thiamine) and should only be taken in conjunction with B vitamin supplementation and under professional guidance. It should not be taken simultaneously with diuretic drugs. top^

Juniper Berries (Juniperus communis) Through history juniper has been associated with ritual cleansing and purification rites, and it was thought that burning juniper could ward off the plague and evil spirits. Medicinally, it was used by the Egyptians as far back as 1550 BC. It is also used to flavour gin!

These days the ripe, purplish-bluish-blackish juniper berries are mainly used in cases of urinary infections and for clearing the body of the acid waste accumulation associated with gout and arthritis. Its strong antiseptic action within the urinary tract sees juniper used in cases of cystitis (bladder inflammation due to infection).

Juniper is also warming and settling to the digestive system and is used to ease colic and flatulence, and to support stomach function. Additionally, it contains anti-inflammatory, anti-viral and anti-tumour substances. Its diuretic action helps to relieve fluid retention.

ACTIONS include: Urinary antiseptic, diuretic, carminative, digestive tonic, uterine stimulant, increasing elimination of acid metabolites, anti-rheumatic, anti-viral, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumour.

CAUTION: Juniper is a uterine stimulant and should be avoided during pregnancy although it may be taken during labour. Long term use may irritate the kidneys – do not use for more than six weeks without a break. Do not use if there is already kidney infection or damage. Do not use simultaneously with diuretic drugs.

LAVENDER – Lavendula augustifolia - A popular garden shrub, renowned for its colour and aroma. The species Lavendula augustifolia only is used medicinally. Contains a volatile oil which has very low toxicity and significant antiseptic and anti-bacterial actions. It helps reduce pain and alleviates nervous excitability Like many herbs with a high volatile oil content, lavender soothes indigestion and colic and relieves wind and bloating. It can relieve sleeplessness, irritability, headaches and migraines and can help alleviate depression. The oil is an invaluable first aid remedy, strongly antiseptic, it can help heal burns, wounds and sores. external use only top^

Lemon Balm (Melissa officinalis) This highly aromatic, sweet-smelling, bee-attracting herb was a favourite in medieval “elixirs of youth”. These days it is most often employed as a tonic for its soothing effects on the central nervous system and digestion. It makes a pleasant tasting tea which is considered to raise the spirits through being both calming and antidepressant. In addition, balm’s antispasmodic action reduces tension and cramping in muscles, and its carminative effect eases gas in the gastro-intestinal tract. This combination of qualities sees lemon balm used in situations where anxiety leads to digestive problems or headache.

Certain constituents of lemon balm have antiviral activity, most notably deterring the viruses that cause herpes. Balm is also used in cases of “female discomforts” such as menstrual cramps, and for insomnia. Further, balm is reputed to normalise thyroid function.

Externally, lemon balm is used for cold sores, insect stings, painful swellings and cuts.

ACTIONS include: nerve tonic, antispasmodic, carminative, antiviral, antibacterial, antihistamine, diaphoretic (promotes sweating), relaxant, antidepressant.

CAUTION: Consult your vet and herbalist before using lemon balm concurrently with thyroid drug treatment.

LEMON VERBENA - Lippia citriodora - A deciduous shrub with strongly scented leaves which are used herbally. It contains a strong lemon-scented volatile oil that has calming and soothing properties. This herb has a gentle sedative action and is very helpful in soothing abdominal discomfort. Make into a tea - using one handful - brew for 10 minutes, add a teaspoon of raw honey and then pour the lot into the horse’s feed. A cup of lemon verbena tea is also good for calming the rider. top^

Licorice (Glycyrriza glabra)It is no surprise that licorice is most often thought of as an ingredient in confectionery - it contains a substance called glycyrrhizin which is 50 times sweeter than sugar (sucrose). Licorice root is also, however, one of the most valuable herbal medicines, praised since the times of the ancient herbalists who used it on both humans and animals.

Licorice reduces stomach secretions and protects mucousal linings, thereby making it useful for gastric ulceration and inflammation. Further, the glycyrrhizin has an anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic action, and it simultaneously supports the body’s release of cortisol whilst inhibiting some of that hormone’s detrimental side effects – this makes it useful in treating some skin conditions (including itch). Licorice has effects on the adrenal glands which are protective, restorative, tonic and stimulatory. These properties can aid the horse which is recovering from steroid therapy/abuse.

It’s ability to soothe irritated mucous membranes and to break up phlegm and ease coughing sees licorice employed in respiratory conditions – couging, bronchitis, and chest colds. Licorice contains antibacterial, antiviral and antifungal compounds – approximately 30 percent of licorice’s dry weight is made up of antibacterial substances. It has also shown an ability to improve liver function and has been used to treat disorders such as hepatitis and cirrhosis.

Licorice is gently laxative.

Licorice appears to regulate oestrogen levels and it has been used to facilitate fertility in female animals (it is advisable, however, to avoid using it during pregnancy).

ACTIONS include: Demulcent (soothing and protecting membranes), expectorant (encouraging the passage of mucous up the bronchials), tonic, anti-inflammatory, anti-arthritic, tonic stimulant for the adrenal cortex, mild laxative, spasmolytic (reducing spasms of smooth muscle such as the bronchials and intestines), antitussive (relieving coughing), antibacterial, antiviral and antifungal.

CAUTIONS: Licorice taken in excess or for a long period of time can deplete potassium in the body potentially leading to fluid retention and raised blood pressure. Consult a herbalist regarding its use and stick to recommended dosages. Licorice should not be taken simultaneously with potassium-depleting diuretics as it may potentiate their effects. It should also be avoided when taking digoxin based drugs. However, licorice is helpful when using NSAIDs (Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs) – it helps to avoid the irritating actions NSAIDs have on the stomach and intestines. Consult your vet and herbalist if combining licorice with corticosteroids. Do not give it to pregnant mares as it may affect hormone levels. top^

LIMETREE FLOWERS -Tilia europea - Deciduous tall tree with the pale yellow flowers used herbally. Lime contains flavonoids, acids, mucilage, tannins, volatile oil and traces of benzodiazepine-like compounds. The flavonoids improve circulation. As mucilage is a soothing agent for the gut, it is therefore useful for colic. Lime reduces tension and has a sedative action. In humans it can reduce headaches, helps to calm the mind, therefore assisting in a restful night’s sleep. Feed one handful or add 1 cup of hot water, brewing for at least 10 minutes, then as for lemon verbena, add a teaspoon of raw honey and pour the lot into the feed. A cool horse will result in no time. For the rider, two teaspoons per cup of water made into a tea, add sugar or honey as desired. top^

MARSHMALLOW ROOT - Althaea officinalis - With its expectorant and relaxation capacity as well as the ability to sooth and protect irritated mucous membranes, Marshmallow is useful when there is inflammation and irritation of the digestive tract and the urinary and respiratory systems. Marshmallow contains high levels of Vitamin A, calcium, zinc as well as iron, sodium, iodine and B-complex.

MEADOWSWEET - Filipendula ulmaria - Used to help reduce inflammation and for pain relief in case of arthritic conditions for example. Due to a combination of salicylates, tannins and other constituents, it acts to protect the lining of the stomach and intestines, with the salicylates providing the anti-inflammatory action. Has an ability to reduce acids in the body, therefore problems associated with acidity such as joint problems, can be treated effectively. Useful alone or in combination with other herbs for effective pain management. top^

MOTHERWORT - Leonurus cardiaca - The aerial parts of the plant are used. Contains alkaloids, flavonoids, caffeic acid, tannins and an iridoid. As its species name indicates, it has long been considered a nerve and heart remedy. It strengthens heart function, particularly where it is weak. Antispasmodic and sedative, the herb causes relaxation rather than drowsiness. WARNING: Do not feed to pregnant mares as it can stimulate the muscles of the uterus.

Mugwort (Artemisia vulgaris) For centuries mugwort has been highly regarded as a medicinal herb in both the East and West. It is said that the Romans planted mugwort along roadsides and would line their shoes with it to prevent or ease tired, aching feet. It is related to the herb wormwood and resembles it in smell and taste.

Mugwort is a bitter digestive tonic and can be taken to improve appetite and digestive function. It also acts as a stimulant/regulator of menstruation. In addition, it is used as a nervine to balance the nervous system of very sensitive and reactive horses.

Mugwort is the primary ingredient in moxa sticks/cones used in moxibustion – the application of heat over acupunture points for therapeutic benefit.

ACTIONS include: bitter digestive tonic, nervine, menstrual regulator, uterine stimulant, antirheumatic, antiseptic.

CAUTION: Like all members of its genus mugwort is not to be used if pregnancy is suspected. It should also be avoided by nursing mothers as some of its constituents may be passed on through the milk. top^

MULLEIN - Verbascum thapsus - This plant has woolly, grey-green, oval leaves, and spikes of bright yellow five-petalled flowers. Both leaves and flowers are used. It is bitter herb which contains mucilage, flavonoids, volatile oil and tannins. It soothes and lubricates tissues, promotes healing, and has diuretic, analgesic, expectorant and antiseptic effects. Mullein is valuable for treating coughs and catarrh, and is specific for tracheitis and bronchitis. top^

Nettle (Urtica dioica) Nettle, so often snubbed as merely a weed, has an amazing array of talents. It can clothe you, feed you, light your lamps, and be medicinal!

In Africa, the oil expressed from nettle seed is used as burning oil in lamps; and since ancient times it has been made into twine or cloth. When woven into fine cloth for clothes it is both softer and warmer than cotton, and was used as a cotton alternative during the World Wars. In recent years an Italian fashion house produced a range of jeans made from nettle.

Nettle is perhaps best known as a highly nutritious feed herb/fodder for animals, and has been used through the ages for this purpose, occasionally even cultivated en masse and mown to provide ‘hay’ for milk cows. It is considered a spring tonic and detoxifier for human and animal alike. It is rich in chlorophyll, and is an excellent source of calcium, chromium, magnesium, zinc, cobalt, manganese, phosphorous, potassium, protein, riboflavin, selenium, silicon, thiamine, vitamin A, vitamin C and vitamin K. No wonder then that nettle is such an appetiser, and conditioning, restorative tonic for horses. It is reputed to enhance coat shine and dappling, and, interestingly, is a folk remedy for hair loss (perhaps based on its reputation for enhancing circulation).

Nettle is diuretic (increases urine production) and has been helpful in eliminating uric acid from the body and thereby relieving the symptoms of gout. It is also approved for treating and preventing kidney stones.

Nettle has been shown to have a number of anti-inflammatory constituents which act via more than one pathway in the body. This anti-inflammatory activity, hand-in-hand with nettle’s ability to reduce bleeding, has been applied to easing gastro-intestinal troubles, including inflammatory bowel disease.

Sufferers of arthritis (both osteo- and rheumatoid) have received significant benefit from using nettle. It can be taken internally or applied externally – studies of both methods have shown relief of symptoms. Amazing results have also been seen when nettle is used as an adjunct to standard drug anti-inflammatory treatment. In one study, patients who took a combination of nettle and an anti-inflammatory drug substantially reduced the dose of the drug needed for pain relief. Only one quarter of the standard dose required to provide pain relief was needed when drug treatment was combined with nettle intake.

Nettle has a centuries old reputation for relieving the symptoms of nasal and respiratory ailments such as bronchitis, asthma and allergic rhinitis, as well as skin conditions such as eczema.

Research across the world has vouched for nettle root’s contribution to treating the discomforting symptoms of benign prostate hypertrophy (prostate enlargement). On its own, or in combination with other herbs, nettle root improves Prostate Symptom Scores, and in one study nettle root combined with the herb saw palmetto was equally as effective as drug treatment, with the herb extract treatment tolerated much better by patients due to less side effects.

Nettle is sometimes used (with other herbs) in the treatment of laminitic horses, usually on the basis of its stimulation of circulation and promotion of toxin elimination. Extra support for its use in treating/preventing this ailment may also come from animal studies that have indicated a hypoglycaemic effect of nettle – animals treated with a nettle leaf extract had decreased blood sugar levels due to an increased production of insulin.

If you want to harvest your own nettles for you or your animals, be sure to arm yourself with sturdy gloves and secateurs, and ensure you are selecting the correct nettle species. To prevent the nettles stinging when they’re eaten the leaves must be allowed to wilt before being fed. Additional caution can be taken by allowing them to dry and then cutting them before feeding them. For humans they can be cooked as spinach would; and while a cup of nettle tea may do your body a world of good, your tongue will almost certainly prefer a softening of the “mown grass” taste of nettle tea by the addition of a little honey. Your horse will likely relish the grassy taste!

An interesting note: It may seem counter-intuitive, but if you are stung by nettles it is the plant itself that supplies the remedy… the juice from the plant, when applied to the sting, will relieve it.

ACTIONS include: Leaf - diuretic (increasing the flow of urine), nutritive, anti-allergic, astringent (constricts and firms membranes), styptic (stops blood flow when applied externally), galactogogue (promoting the production and flow of breast milk), hypoglycaemic, anti-diarrhoeal, anti-inflammatory, alterative (“blood cleansing”), stimulating to circulation, tonic.

Root – inhibits/reduces the symptoms associated with benign prostate enlargement.

CAUTION: Very occasionally a person or animal may develop a rash in response to ingesting nettle. If so, discontinue feeding it and seek the advice of a herbalist. A lower dose may be required for that individual, or possibly a complete elimination of nettle. Very occasionally gastro-intestinal symptoms may result from ingesting nettle root. It is generally considered a very safe herb.

While some authors advise caution on the use of nettle during pregnancy, others disagree and do not expect adverse effects.

DOSAGE: Recommendations for an average sized (450kg) horse range from 15g (approx ¹/₃ cup) per day to one cup three times a day. “The European Medicines Agency saw fit to establish no maximum intake on nettle herb for animals”¹ and there is no restriction on long term use.

DRUG INTERACTIONS: Due to a lack of hard evidence, the potential for nettle to interact with drugs is largely speculative, based on the known actions of nettle. Some caution may be required if combining nettle with anti-hypertensives, anticoagulants, Central Nervous System depressants, diuretics, insulin, and oral hypoglycaemic agents. Nettle root may have additive effects on prescribed medication for BPH, but this may be beneficial. As mentioned previously, arthritis sufferers were able to reduce drug dose whilst taking nettle. 1Wynn and Fougere, 2007. top^

Parsley (Petroselinum crispum) Although most folk know parsley as a culinary herb and often-discarded garnish, the fresh leaves of this member of the carrot family are so nutritious that they can be considered a natural vitamin and mineral supplement. Parsley is rich in vitamins C and A, iron, copper, boron, flourine and zinc, as well as containing calcium, phosphorous, manganese and vitamin E. It’s bioflavonoids are anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antihistamine; it is mildly oestrogenic and strongly diuretic.

As a good source of chlorophyll (the green pigment in plants) parsley is useful for combating bad breath. It’s diuretic properties are beneficial in: arthritic/rheumatic conditions associated with poor kidney function; urinary infections; kidney and bladder stones. Parsley also acts as a digestive tonic by easing spasms and minimising flatulence.

Parsley is a good supportive supplement for a horse who is recovering after a debilitating illness or is going through an intensive period of effort/training.

ACTIONS include: strong diuretic (promoting excretion via the kidneys, i.e. encouraging the flow of urine); carminative (easing flatulence) and digestive tonic; antispasmodic; stimulant of uterine muscle; nutritive.

CAUTION: Due to its uterine stimulating properties parsley (especially the seed) should not be given to pregnant mares. However, once the foal is born parsley can help encourage milk production. Parsley may increase the effects of monoamine oxidase inhibitor drugs (MAOIs). top^

Passionflower (Passiflora incarnata) This herb derives its name from its beautiful white & pink/purple flowers which reminded Spanish explorers of The Passion of Christ. Used in native North and Central American herbal traditions, passionflower has sedative and tranquilising properties and is best known for its value in bringing (non-addictive) relief to disturbed sleep patterns and insomnia. Widely acknowledged as a good remedy for anxiety, tension and irritability, passionflower can be of benefit to horses who are generally nervous and apprehensive as well as those who are distressed and restless due to a current illness. In addition to its directly calming effects it also has analgesic (pain-relieving) and anti-spasmodic properties and can be useful, often in conjunction with other herbs, for the moody mare and the horse who has tight, sore muscles due to habitual tension.

One of passionflower’s phytochemicals – passicol – fights a number of bacteria, moulds and yeasts.

ACTIONS include: sedative, analgesic, anti-spasmodic, peripheral vasodilator.

CAUTION: Avoid high doses during pregnancy. top^

Pau d’arco (Tabebuia, various species)The Pau d’arco tree, also called the lapacho tree, is indigenous to South America and grows in both rainforest and mountainous terrains. The medicinal part of the tree, which has been used at least as far back as the time of the Incas, is the inner lining of the bark.

Pau d’arco is valuable as a remedy for infectious and inflammatory ailments. It acts as an immune system strengthener and has natural antibiotic and antiviral properties. It’s anti-inflammatory action applies especially in the stomach and intestines as well as for conditions such as cystitis, inflammation of the cervix, arthritis and prostatitis. It also has confirmed antifungal action, particularly against Candida albicans. Allergic/inflammatory skin disorders can benefit from Pau d’arco.

Pau d’arco promotes red blood cell production and has antioxidant activity. In addition – anecdotal evidence, animal trials and human clinical settings have indicated that Pau d’arco has cancer fighting activity. Research utilising the whole herb has shown positive results with regard to a lack of side effects whereas experimentation on isolated constituents has shown potent negative side effects. Herbal authorities consider this another confirmation that whole herb extracts are better than isolated compounds.

ACTIONS include: antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, immune stimulant, anti-inflammatory, cleansing, tonic, antitumour. top^

Peppermint (Mentha piperita) Peppermint has been cultivated commercially for a long time and has been used to flavour everything from laxatives to toothpaste. Medicinally though, it is best known for its ability to aid digestion and relieve gastrointestinal distress. Peppermint owes most of its medicinal value to menthol, which is cooling, anaesthetic, antiseptic and soothing to the stomach; it also contains antioxidants and a number of expectorant compounds (which stimulate the coughing up of mucous).

For horses, peppermint’s aroma is useful for tempting fussy eaters and/or helping to mask the smell of less pleasant herbs in their feed. It eases flatulence/bloating, increases the flow of bile from the liver and relaxes both gastrointestinal spasms and tight skeletal muscles. It can therefore be useful for the colic-prone horse or the horse who is nervous and tense when travelling.

Mint can be used to help dry off milk in nursing mares.

ACTIONS include: Stimulant, antispasmodic, carminative (relieving flatulence), digestive tonic, anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, antiulcer, analgesic, promotes sweating but also cooling internally.

Psyllium Husk (Plantago ovata)The husk of the psyllium seed is one of those plant remedies which demonstrates “the ingenuity of nature” (J.A. Duke, 2000) in providing a substance which is able to treat apparently contradictory ailments – diarrhoea and constipation – depending on what is needed.

Psyllium is high in fibre and mucilage and when combined with water it swells to many times its original size, becoming slimy and gelatinous. Diarrhoea is inhibited via the absorbtion of excess moisture and bulking up of faeces, and constipation is alleviated by the softening of stool and the promotion of bowel movement by the extra volume.

For horses, psyllium husk’s ability to pick up sand and move it through the gut is particularly valuable in the preventation and/or treatment of sand colic. Periodic addition of psyllium to the feed is practised in some sandy soil areas.

ACTIONS include: bulk laxative, demulcent (soothing and protecting membranes) and healing, antidiarrhoeal.

Important notes:

It is vital that a horse being fed psyllium has constant access to plenty of fresh water to ensure that the bulking up and moisture absorbing effects of the psyllium do not hinder the passage of food through the gut. Adding extra salt to the feed whilst using psyllium can assist with increasing water intake. Do not feed psyllium to a horse whose gut is impacted.

DO NOT feed psyllium continually as a preventative measure for sand colic. After a period of time the microbe colony in the horse’s colon adapts and will “digest” (ferment) the psyllium, reducing its effectiveness as a “pass-through” collector of sand and debris.

As a precautionary measure, do not administer oral drugs of any kind simultaneously with psyllium. Separate them by a couple of hours so that the psyllium does not lower the absorbtion of the medication. top^

Raspberry Leaves (Rubus idaeus) Raspberry leaves have a time-honoured reputation for assisting “female conditions” , most notably enhancing fertility and childbirth, as well as being applied to menstrual discomfort. Raspberry leaf has been used as an alternative to hormonal (drug) therapy for mares with oestrus problems and the attendant behavioural disturbances. For mares who have had, or are likely to have, difficulty conceiving it can be given for a period prior to mating. Generally, raspberry leaf is used to tone the uterine muscles, encourage an easy labour, and prevent/reduce haemorrhaging during and after foaling, as well as assisting in expelling the afterbirth.

Raspberry leaf’s astringency also sees it applied to cases of diarrhoea, mouth ulcers/inflammation and conjunctivitis (externally).

NOTE: When being used to assist breeding… Once a mare is pregnant some owners/breeders continue to give small amonts of raspberry leaf regularly throughout the pregnancy, however it is more usual to cease using raspberry during early and mid-term (as a precaution, due to the uterine stimulating properties of raspberry) and then re-introduce it in the final couple of months of pregnancy, continuing until a week or two after foaling.

ACTIONS include: astringent (having a contracting and toning effect on mucous membranes and tissues), tonic, toning the gravid (pregnant) uterus, parturient (assisting childbirth), digestive remedy. top^

RED CLOVER – Trifolium pratense – The flowerheads are used. Very high in cobalt and copper. Red Clover contains a volatile oil and has oestrogenic effects, helping to reduce the impact of falling oestrogen levels. Also can be used in treatment of skin conditions such as eczema, usually in combination with other purifying herbs such as yellow dock and burdock.

Rosehips (Rosa canina) The hips (fruit) of the dog rose are a source of readily assimilated forms of vitamins, minerals and other nutrients, including – vitamins C, A, B₁, B₂, B₃ and K, bioflavonoids (including rutin), carotenoids, tannins, calcium, magnesium, silica, phosphorous and copper.

As well as being considered a dietary supplement, rosehips are often fed to horses recuperating from illness or injury as they help to restore the immune system and aid tissue repair. Feeding them as part of the daily diet is beneficial for preventing illness. The vitamin C in rosehips acts as a natural antihistamine, which can assist the allergy-prone horse. Bioflavonoids, as well as having potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity, enhance vitamin C’s ability to strengthen blood vessel walls, and this effect contributes to rosehips’ reputation for encouraging healthy hoof growth. Rosehips can also help alleviate gastric inflammation and diarrhoea.

Actions include: Dietary supplement, astringent (having a contracting and toning effect on mucous membranes and tissues), aperient (mildly laxative – promoting natural bowel function), anti-diarrhoeal.

Dose: 1-2 tablespoons per day, depending on horse size and level of work. Large, hard working horses, and horses facing, or recuperating from, illness could require a higher dose – an equine herbalist can be consulted to determine the appropriate dose in these cases. top^

Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) Recognised widely as a culinary herb, rosemary has also been used medicinally for centuries. It is an uplifting, stimulating tonic for the circulatory and nervous systems – useful for mild/moderate depression and particularly as a memory aid. It is known as the herb of remembrance. As well as enhancing circulation, including to the brain, it contains a number of chemicals that help prevent the breakdown of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine – a deficiency of which is associated with Alzheimer’s disease.

Rosemary is powerfully antioxidant due to its good concentrations of many antioxidant compounds which, amongst other functions, strengthen capillaries and are anti-inflammatory. In addition, rosemary has antibacterial and antifungal properties; it is a digestive aid – encouraging digestive “juices” and reducing gas; and it contains anti-cataract compounds. Externally, rosemary is used as a wash, compress or in essential oil form (appropriately diluted) for easing arthritic discomfort.

ACTIONS include: Tonic, anti-inflammatory, antidepressant, circulatory stimulant, antispasmodic, restorative tonic for nervous system, digestive aid, carminative, antiseptic.

CAUTION: Do not give to mares in foal. top^

Rue (Ruta Graveolens) This delicately pretty, foul-smelling and bitter tasting herb has been used since ancient times to encourage the onset of menstruation and stimulate menstrual flow. Rue’s distinctive odour led to it’s reputation for repelling external parasites such as lice and fleas and it is also used (usually in combination with other herbs) to deter internal parasites – intestinal worms.

Rue contains compounds which ease muscle spasms and coughing, as well as the bioflavonoid rutin which improves the strength and flexibility of blood vessels. When prepared correctly, an infusion of rue used as an eyewash can provide relief for strained and weary eyes and is reputed to improve eyesight.

Rue should not be used during pregnancy, especially the latter stages, due to it’s potential to stimulate uterine muscles.

ACTIONS include: antispasmodic, anti-tussive (relieves coughing), promotes menstrual flow, circulatory tonic.

CAUTIONS: Due to the potent action of rue, which can be toxic in excess, it is strongly recommended that the advice of a professional herbalist is sought to determine the appropriate dosage rate for a particular circumstance. top^

Sage (Salvia officinalis) Sage has been in culinary and medicinal use for hundreds of years and has been tradtionally linked with longevity. It is reputed to assist memory function in the elderly and, like rosemary and thyme, this is likely due to its ability to maintain acetylcholine levels in the brain (a lack of this neurotransmitter is associated with Alzheimer’s disease). Sage leaves have an affinity with the mouth and throat and an infusion with some honey added can be syringed into the mouth of a horse suffering from mouth ulcers/infections.

Sage can also be used, along with other appropriate herbs, as a stimulating tonic for rehabilitating sick or injured horses, restoring digestive and circulatory function. It contains antioxidant, anti-asthmatic and anti-inflammatory compounds. Sage acts to reduce excessive perspiration and salivation, and its oestrogenic activity sees it applied to irregular menstruation and menopausal troubles such as hot flashes. Sage can reduce/stop milk production in nursing mares.

ACTIONS include: astringent (having a contracting action on mucous membranes), carminative (easing gas in the gut), antispasmodic, antiseptic, uterine stimulant, cholagogue (stimulating bile flow), peripheral vasodilator; reduces perspiration, salivation and lactation .

CAUTION: Do not administer sage to pregnant mares. Sage should only be used in small quantities (seek advice from a professional herbalist) and not for prolonged periods. It contains thujone which can trigger convulsions in epileptics, who should not use this herb.

Saw Palmetto (Serenoa serrulata/repens) Early American settlers observed the tonic effects of saw palmetto berries on their livestock who grew sleek and fat when fed on them, and this anabolic effect – promoting the growth of muscle and body tissues – can be utilised to strengthen and repair the musculoskeletal system and to encourage weight gain after damage from wasting illnesses.

Saw palmetto is far more widely known, however, for its benefit for male reproductive health. It equals and sometimes exceeds drug treatments in its ability to treat benign prostate hypertrophy (BPH), the (noncancerous) enlargement of the prostate gland which effects a large proportion of males over 50 years of age. Furthermore, it does so without the attendant side effects of drug treatment. It is able to inhibit the production of dihydrotestosterone, the chemical which contributes to prostate enlargement and is also implicated in male-pattern baldness.

ACTIONS include: tonic, diuretic, urinary antiseptic.

Please note: Although some herbalists and naturopaths may recommend saw palmetto to restore libido and increase breast size in women, most research has been conducted regarding its effects on adult male health. For this reason it is not recommended to administer this herb to mares unless under the guidance of a professional equine herbalist. top^

Scullcap (Scutellaria laterifolia/lateriflora) Scullcap (sometimes spelt ‘Skullcap’) has been used traditionally by Native Americans to stimulate menstruation and relieve premenstrual symptoms, as well as to encourage the expulsion of the placenta after giving birth, and to treat rabies. These days, scullcap is taken predominantly as a nerve tonic, for its ability to ease stress and anxiety, and to restore the nervous system – even being used to reduce symptoms in neurological conditions such as epilepsy. It can be used (under professional guidance) as part of treatment for the horse who “consistently and seriously over-adrenalise[s]” ¹ and doesn’t return easily to a normal, calm state.

Scullcap has antispasmodic and sedating actions, and clinical trials involving one of scullcap’s active constituents – scutellarin – have shown it’s ability to improve blood flow in patients suffering blood clotting illnesses.

ACTIONS include: relaxant and restorative for the central nervous system, antispasmodic, sedative, mildly astringent (having a contracting effect on mucosal membranes).

Please note: The dosage of this herb (both the form in which it is administered and the quantity) should be determined by a professional herbalist and used only under his/her instruction. Due to its traditional use to encourage menstruation and expel afterbirth, it is advisable to avoid this herb during pregnancy. top^

¹ Ferguson, A Practical Horse Herbal

Sheep Sorrel (Rumex acetosella) This tall, perennial herb of the buckwheat family is, depending on one’s perspective, either a nuisance weed or a lifesaver.

Originally from Europe this herb is now naturalised in North America and considered a noxious and invasive weed in many agricultural areas. In contrast, it has been used by Native American tribes in Canada and the U.S. as a food and medicine, most notably in a healing formula containing three other herbs – slippery elm, burdock and rhubarb. This formula came to the attention, in the early 1920s, of a Canadian nurse Rene Caisse who used it to treat cancer patients. This four-pronged herbal combination came to be known as Essiac (‘Caisse’ spelt backward) and has become popular as a cancer preventive and treatment.

Sheep Sorrel has a pungent lemon scent but despite its distinctive sour taste is greatly enjoyed by grazing animals. It contains b-carotene (the precursor to vitamin A) and vitamins C, D, E, K and B complex, as well a range of minerals including silicon, sulphur and copper. In addition, it contains phytoestrogens similar to those found in legumes such as red clover, licorice and soy, all known for their health-restoring properties.

Sheep Sorrel has been traditionally used to treat inflammation, fever and scurvy, and is considered a ‘cleansing’ herb, due in part to its diuretic effect.

Although scientific data on sheep sorrel is limited, in vitro studies have demonstrated that Essiac tea possesses properties that are common to natural anti-cancer agents – it has potent antioxidant and DNA-protective activity, as well as an immune enhancing and tumour-inhibiting effect.

ACTIONS: antioxidant, diuretic, mildly laxative (at higher doses), anti-inflammatory.

CAUTION: fresh sheep sorrel eaten in excess can be toxic to grazing animals due to the oxalates it contains. Likewise, administering excessive doses can cause kidney or liver damage. It is contraindicated in those with a history of kidney stones.

DRUG INTERACTIONS: The laxative and diuretic components of sheep sorrel may increase the action of drugs with similar activity and should thus not be taken simultaneously with such drugs.

Siberian Ginseng (Eleutherococcus senticosus) The root of the Siberian ginseng plant (also called “Eleuthero”) is known as a stimulating adaptogen. The term ‘adaptogen’ is used to refer to herbs which aid the body’s ability to adapt to stress – they increase the body’s resistance to stress by normalising body function, balancing out body chemistry, no matter what ‘direction’ is required. For example, reducing high blood pressure or increasing low blood pressure. Used for centuries as a general tonic for both animals and humans, Siberian ginseng is applicable to situations when the body requires support due to pressure from – chronic illness, strenuous exercise, infection, or exposure to toxic chemicals or radiation. Studies conducted in Russia have suggested that Siberian ginseng could reduce the risk of postvaccination reactions.

Human athletes taking Eleuthero have experienced an increase in stamina – the ability to exercise for longer before experiencing a lactic acid build up, muscle soreness or exhaustion.

ACTIONS include: adaptogenic, tonic, stimulant, supports the immune system.

Due to ginseng’s stimulating nature it is suggested to consult a herbalist to determine both dosage and length of treatment. Do not use ginseng and prescribed drugs simultaneously without first consulting your vet/herbalist. top^

Slippery Elm Bark Powder (Ulmus fulva/rubra) The finely powdered inner bark of the Red Elm tree, native to North America, has been used by indigenous people for many years and is now employed by both herbal and orthodox medicines. Slippery elm bark powder is pale pink-brown in colour and its distinctive mucilaginous (slimy and slippery) texture, when mixed with moisture, sees it applied to conditions where mucous membranes are irritated/inflamed. This includes membranes of the respiratory and urinary systems as well as the entire gastro-intestinal tract, including the throat and oesophagus.

For horses, slippery elm bark powder is most commonly used internally, to treat conditions such as scouring (diarrhoea) and gastric ulceration and as aftercare in some types of colic cases. It soothes and coats injured and inflamed tissues, helping them to heal and reducing the likelihood of scarring, as well as drawing out toxins and irritants. It can be added to a moist chaff/grain feed or combined with plain yoghurt (with live cultures) and/or honey, mashed banana or mashed pumpkin, and added to feed or syringed into the mouth.

Externally, the bark powder is used for poulticing wounds/injuries. Depending on the situation, it can be used by itself or combined with other herbs, and when it is moistened its soft, sticky, malleable consistency is helpful for moulding and applying poultices in difficult to bandage areas.

Slippery elm bark powder is widely acknowledged as safe and effective and can be used on horses of all ages, from foals to the aged. Follow recommended dosage rates and do not administer it simultaneously with other medications as its mucilaginous texture can interfere with their absorption.

ACTIONS include: demulcent and emollient (soothing and protecting membranes/surfaces), mildly astringent (having a binding or contracting effect on mucous membranes), nutritive. top^

Spirulina Spirulina is a single-cell, blue-green algae grown as food for human and animal consumption. The blue-green pigmentation is due to its chlorophyll (green) and phycocyanin (blue) content.

Spirulina has a high concentration of functional nutrients including : beta-carotene (the precursor to Vitamin A), alpha-tocopherol (Vitamin E), gamma-linolenic acid (a highly beneficial Omega 6 EFA), B vitamins, iron, calcium, magnesium, manganese, potassium, selenium, zinc, bioflavonoids and protein. The protein in spirulina is complete protein, that is, it contains all the essential amino acids (those not able to be manufactured by the body). In addition it also contains a number of non-essential amino acids – those that the body can produce itself if necessary, but which it can also utilise directly if they are available in the diet.

Spirulina has been used as a nutritional supplement by the World Health Organization (WHO) to feed malnourished children, resulting in a decrease of a type of blindness that results from inadequate dietary vitamin A.

With regards to allergies, spirulina has been shown to reduce allergic, inflammatory reactions by (amongst other influences) inhibiting the release of histamine. It is histamine which causes itchiness. In addition to suppressing allergic reactions, spirulina also increases several other immunological functions that enhance disease resistance. Administering spirulina was shown to markedly improve the immune function of children living in the areas adjacent to Chernobyl.

Please note: Due to the high beta-carotene content of spirulina there is no need to feed another high vitamin A supplement if spirulina is being used regularly at the dosage recommended for treating Queensland Itch (refer to the article “Dietary Help for the Itchy Horse”). Also, spirulina, when it is growing, readily absorbs minerals and toxins from its environment and it is therefore important to ensure a reputable, quality source of spirulina is used – one grown in an unpolluted environment.

St. Mary’s Thistle (Silybum marianum/Carduus marianus) Also known as Milk Thistle, for its reputed ability to promote breast milk production, St. Mary’s Thistle (SMT) has been used in herbal medicine for a couple of thousand years. Substantial research has confirmed the traditional knowledge that SMT seeds have a remarkable protective and restorative effect on the liver – that amazingly complex organ whose metabolic processes largely bear the burden of the body’s detoxification work.

Much of the therapeutic benefit of SMT seeds is attributed to a group of potent antioxidant bioflavonoids, known together as silymarin, which are able to guard and stabilise cell membranes, preventing the invasion of toxins, as well as enhance the regeneration of liver cells already damaged by detoxification processes.

St. Mary’s Thistle can assist both the healthy or sick liver in its constant encounters with environmental toxins. It is particularly applicable for horses who have suffered liver damage from poisons, infections, high worm burdens, reactions to worming drugs, or ongoing/excessive pharmaceutical drug use. SMT can be taken long term, and indeed needs be taken for a prolonged period (at least 4-12 weeks) to be of most benefit. For horses, St. Mary’s Thistle seeds can be fed whole or they can be ground up to aid in their digestion.

ACTIONS include: liver tonic – protective and stimulant; cholagogue (promoting bile flow); increasing breast milk production; antidepressant. top^

TANSY - Tanacetum vulgare - Strongly aromatic shrub, with an erect stem, feathery leaves with yellow disc-shaped flowerheads. The flowers are the part used and they contain a volatile oil. Tansy is used chiefly as part of a worming mix to expel all types of worms. Can kill scabies, lice and fleas. top^

Thyme Thymus vulgaris Thyme is another aromatic herb which is used not only for its culinary applications but also for its powerfully therapeutic medicinal properties. Long used as an antiseptic and tonic herb, thyme has garnered a reputation for being effective in treating respiratory ailments – breaking up congestion, and easing coughing and bronchial spasm. Thyme contains over a dozen antiseptic compounds and can be constituted of up to 21 percent (dry-weight) of bactericidal compounds. One of thyme’s constituents, thymol, is potently antiseptic and antifungal, and reputedly assists in deterring intestinal worms.

Thyme’s carminative and antispasmodic properties can be utilised to settle digestive complaints, including some colics, and when used topically (i.e. externally) thyme will stimulate circulation in the area to which it is applied, as well as easing muscle spasms and working against infection. Thyme is also considered an anti-aging herb. Its strong antioxidant action may prevent/reduce the breakdown of essential fatty acids in the brain, thereby slowing the aging process.

ACTIONS include: antioxidant, antiseptic, antifungal, tonic, expectorant (encouraging the movement of mucous up the bronchials), antispasmodic, carminitive and digestive tonic, astringent(having a binding action on mucous membranes), anthelmintic (anti-worm); Topical: stimulates blood flow to an area.

CAUTIONS: Thyme has been traditionally used as a uterine stimulant and to help expel retained afterbirth and therefore therapeutic doses should be avoided during pregnancy. The thymol in thyme (part of the volatile oil) should not be taken in large quantities and thyme should be used in moderation – do not exceed recommended dosages. top^

Uva Ursi Leaf Arctostaphylus uva-ursi Also known as bearberry, and closely related to the cranberry and blueberry, it is actually the uva ursi leaves which are known for their effectiveness in treating both acute and chronic infections and inflammation within the urinary tract. Uva ursi has been successfully used to alleviate cystitis (inflammation of the bladder), and is also applied to cases of urinary calculi (stones). The urinary antiseptic properties of uva ursi are attributed to a number of phytochemicals within it, most notably arbutin, which fight bacteria, encourage excretion and reduce inflammation.

ACTIONS include: Diuretic, astringent, urinary antiseptic/antibiotic. top^

PLEASE NOTE: Uva-ursi should only be taken short term (usually 7-10 days) – it is not for frequent or long-term use. It is not to be administered during pregnancy or to those suffering from kidney disease. Some herbs high in tannins, such as uva-ursi, can interfere with the absorbtion/effectiveness of some drugs or may potentiate the effect of diuretic medications. Consult with your vet and herbalist before administering uva-ursi simultaneously with drug medications.

Turmeric (Curcuma longa) Known as the vibrant yellow ingredient used liberally in Indian curries, turmeric has a long history of use in both Indian and Chinese traditional medicine, and has also been used as a textile dye – as anyone who’s spilt a yellow curry on their clothes can appreciate!

It is to that vivid yellow-orange pigment – curcumin – that potent therapeutic properties are attributed. It is powerfully antioxidant (significantly more so than vitamin E or C) and this ability to neutralise free radicals before they damage healthy cells and cell membranes, in conjunction with its anti-inflammatory effects (via a number of pathways), contribute to its role in preventing or alleviating an impressive array of conditions, including many cancers, arthritis, diabetes, gastrointestinal disorders, cardiovascular disease, liver ailments, and Alzheimer’s.

ARTHRITIS: Curcumin inhibits the breakdown of cartilage and has been shown in some studies to be as effective as hydrocortisone and phenylbutazone (bute) in relieving the symptoms of arthritis such as inflammation, swelling and joint stiffness. Even better, it does so without the significant side-effects of those drugs, and has been shown to be safe at very large doses.

CANCER: Curcumin defends the body against cancer via a number of actions: it detoxifies carcinogens thereby preventing the initiation of cancer cells; suppresses the progression of cancerous cells by inhibiting their proliferation while simultaneously increasing their death and removal; and inhibits the spread of cancerous cells to other areas of the body. It can also reduce the side effects of chemotherapy treatment and enhance the action of some chemotherapy agents. Various studies have demonstrated either turmeric (as a whole food or extract) or curcumin/curcuminoids (as isolates) to have beneficial results in preventing or treating a wide range of cancers. These include skin, ovarian, breast, lung, oral, stomach, liver, colon and prostate cancers.

LIVER FUNCTION: Turmeric has a hepatoprotective (liver-protecting) action. That is, it both prevents and repairs liver damage. It protects the liver from inflammation and improves ‘the clearing function of the liver when it has been damaged.’¹

GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT: In vitro studies have shown extracts of turmeric and curcumin inhibit the growth of Helicobacter pylori a bacterium associated with both gastric & duodenal ulcer formation and gastric & colon cancers. Other studies have indicated that turmeric (at appropriate doses) can enhance the healing of gastric ulcers via an increase in gastric wall mucus production. Further, turmeric has been shown to have an antispasmodic effect on the gastro-intestinal tract. In addition, turmeric and curcumin have been investigated and found to be protective against Inflammatory Bowel Disease.

CARDIOVASCULAR EFFECTS: Curcumin improves the liver’s ability to clear the body of LDL (‘bad’ cholesterol), and increases the proportion of HDL (‘good’ cholesterol). In addition it prevents the oxidation of both LDL and HDL (oxidised cholesterol leads to blood vessel damage and plaque build up that can result in heart attack or stroke).

Diabetic animals fed curcumin not only had a significant reduction of blood cholesterol levels (LDL fraction) but also of blood triglycerides and phospholipids (elevated levels of both are associated with the disturbed lipid metabolism characteristic of diabetes).

Turmeric is a good source of vitamin B6, a high intake of which is associated with a lowered risk of heart disease.

Curcumin exhibits anticoagulant effects – allowing blood to flow correctly and inhibiting abnormal blood clot formation (thrombosis).

ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE: In addition to the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant protection turmeric/curcumin affords against neurodegenerative diseases, curcumin has been shown, after crossing the blood-brain barrier, to inhibit formation of the plaques between neurons (nerve cells) that disrupt brain function.

As well as all the above, turmeric has demonstrated the ability to suppress cataract development, promote wound healing and have a topical anti-fungal effect. It is an excellent source of iron and manganese, and a good source of vitamin B6 and potassium.

Anyone sceptical that their horse would consume a curry-flavoured feed can take comfort from a study which investigated flavour preferences in horses. Turmeric was accepted by all horses in the study (although fenugreek won out as the favourite flavour).

ACTIONS: antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, carminative, chemopreventive, antimicrobial, depurative (“blood purifying”), hepatoprotective, antithrombotic.

CAUTION: If major surgery is planned high doses of turmeric should be avoided during the week prior, due to the possible increased risk of bleeding as a result of antiplatelet activity.

DRUG INTERACTION: Theoretically, high doses of turmeric could have an additive effect when combined with antiplatelet or anticoagulant medication; consult a veterinarian before simultaneous administration. ¹Wynn & Fougere, 2007

Valerian Valeriana officinalis Valerian root has been used medicinally for at least 2,000 years. In medieval times it was used to treat a wide variety of conditions and earned itself the common name of “all-heal”. Whilst the pungent aroma of the root powder is unpleasant to many human noses, cats and rats are apparently quite enamoured of it and in one version of the tale of the Pied Piper of Hamelin he lured the rats to their deaths not only with the music he played but also by enticing them with valerian! Valerian was used in the first and second World Wars respectively – to prevent shell shock in troops and to reduce civilian stress during air raids.

Valerian is a herbal remedy which, due to it’s ability to relieve many stress-related symptoms, has become increasingly popular in recent times. Insomnia, nervous tension & anxiety, mood disturbances, pain, headache, asthma, irritable bowel syndrome, palpitations and even some cases of epilepsy have all been successfully treated with valerian. European research has verified valerian’s facility for encouraging restful sleep (both the ability to fall asleep as well as sleep quality) and lowering blood pressure. It helps to calm the excitable and over-active mind as well as relaxing muscle spasms. In addition to its proven ability to quiet the central nervous system, valerian is free of the common side effects of many pharmaceutical tranquilisers – impairment of mental function, dream disturbance and morning-after “hangover” experience. Valerian is non-addictive.

Valerian root is one of the most widely used herbal nervines for calming horses. When correctly applied and dosed, it can relieve anxiety and excitability without reducing the horse’s mental faculties or their physical ability to perform. Indeed, some experiments have shown that valerian actually increases coordination and concentration abilities.

Whilst valerian should not be treated as a quick-fix, silver bullet for a horse’s nervous problems, it can be helpful for treating issues which have a stress-related origin. Some ailments which can respond to valerian (often in conjunction with other herbs) are ulcers, some colics, constipation, muscle spasms (both gut and skeletal), flatulence and bronchial conditions. It has also been used to treat rheumatism, and as part of herbal mixtures to treat tying up and stringhalt. It is reputed to discourage some intestinal parasites.

ACTIONS include: tranquilising, sedative, antispasmodic (muscle relaxant), hypotensive (reduces blood pressure), carminative (reducing stomach upset), anodyne (pain relieving), laxative.

Please note:

Valerian is considered a banned substance by most equestrian competition associations.
Due to its strong aroma and the need to slowly build to a suitable individual dose for a particular horse, valerian should be introduced gradually to the horse’s feed. A qualified equine herbalist should be consulted regarding appropriate dosage.
Too much valerian can have a laxative effect. Do not administer valerian to horses prone to loose manure without consulting a qualified equine herbalist.
Do not administer valerian to pregnant mares or combine valerian with pharmaceutical tranquilisers without consulting both your vet and equine herbalist.

Vervain (Verbena officinalis) Vervain is a herb which has been highly esteemed by healers for centuries. The Greek physician Hippocrates – known as the father of medicine – favoured it, and it has been considered sacred, magical and a “cure-all” by various cultures through the ages (Medieval British/European, Greek, Italian, Chinese and American Indian).

Vervain has tonic, nerve restoring and “lifting” qualities which, combined with its ability to improve liver and digestive function, makes it well-suited to those (human or horse) who are convalescing from chronic illness. As a nervine relaxant and antispasmodic it can assist horses who are tense and sensitive by relaxing the gut, peripheral nerves and muscles, allowing them to perform without “burning up” their energy through anxiety. Used both internally as a feed herb and externally as a poultice it can also relieve itchiness in those horses whose tension is expressed through overly reactive skin.

Further, vervain is diaphoretic and is valuable in managing fevers. It’s antispasmodic effects see it also applied to coughs, asthma and headaches. In addition it is galactogogue – encouraging lactation.

ACTIONS include: antispasmodic, nervine, tonic, hepatic (supporting and stimulating the liver), galactogogue, diaphoretic (promotes sweating), sedative/relaxant, uterine stimulant.

Caution: Do not administer to pregnant mares without consulting a qualified equine herbalist – research has shown that vervain can stimulate uterine contractions. top^

Violet Leaf (Viola odorata) Violets have been used as medicine since ancient times for a wide array of conditions, even “moderating anger” and “dispelling the fumes of wine”! The expectorant and demulcent actions of violet leaf (and flowers) have long been applied to chest colds, coughs and congestion. Violet has an affinity with the lymphatic system and can assist in stimulating and “cleansing” it. In addition, violet has a reputation for reducing and preventing cancerous growths. Consult a qualified, experienced equine herbalist for advice in this regard, especially if the aim is to treat/prevent melanoma in grey horses.

Violets, especially the flowers, contain rutin, a bioflavonoid that has been scientifically confirmed to both strengthen and improve the flexibility of fragile blood vessels.

ACTIONS include: expectorant (encouraging the expulsion of mucous), anti-infammatory, diuretic (promoting increased urine flow), anti-tumour, alterative (“blood purifier”, speeding up tissue renewal). top^

WHITE WILLOW BARK – Salix alba - Bitter, digestive herb, with the bark being the potent part. Famous for being the original source of salicylic acid (the precursor to aspirin), but unlike aspirin, it does not thin the blood. Used for thousands of years to relieve joint pain and to manage fevers. An excellent remedy for arthritic and rheumatic pain affecting joints such as hips and knees, and also the back. It relieves inflammation and swelling, improving mobility in aching, painful joints. Available in bark form or as a powder.

WILD YAM ROOT- Dioscorea villosa – Antispasmodic, anti-inflammatory, antirheumatic, diuretic. Useful as a hormonal regulator, reduces pain and inflammation and relaxes stiff muscles in affected areas. Useful aid also for digestive problems. top^

Wood Betony (Stachys/Betonica officinalis) A significant Anglo-Saxon herb, wood betony has been praised by classical and medieval physician-herbalists for its healing of many illnesses. One classical physician claimed it could cure 47 different ailments; and betony’s mildly diuretic action must have been in evidence for Gerard, in 1597, to comment that “it maketh a man to pisse well”.

Although no longer considered a panacea, wood betony remains a valued member of the herbal repertoire. It gently tones and relaxes the nervous system and is used to relieve headaches and facial pain which have resulted from anxiety and tension. Horses who are: tense/sore in the head and poll, headtossers, or sufferers of sinus congestion/infection could be candidates for this herb, used in combination with, and as a support for, the actions of other herbs. The bitter and astringent nature of betony promotes good digestion.

ACTIONS include: Sedative, bitter digestive remedy, nervine, circulatory tonic, astringent, mild diuretic.

CAUTION Do not use this herb during pregnancy due to its potential to stimulate the uterus; it may be taken during labour. Do not exceed recommended dosages. top^

Yarrow (Achillea millefolium) What’s in a name…? In the case of yarrow, quite a lot… This native European herb’s folk name was “nosebleed” because of its effectiveness at stopping blood flow in first aid situations. In classical times it was called “herba militaris” – the military herb – because it was used by soldiers to staunch their wounds; and its genus name (the first part of its botanical name) originates from the story of the mythical character Achilles’ use of the herb to treat his warriors’ war wounds.

Yarrow is considered a wound healing herb because in addition to its styptic action (stopping external blood flow by constricting blood vessels) yarrow counters tissue swelling and inflammation and helps to resolve bruising. It has also demonstrated some antibacterial action. When treating open wounds yarrow is often used in conjunction with other antiseptic herbs such as calendula or hypericum, or with raw honey (also antiseptic).

Yarrow’s prowess as an external application for injuries is by no means its only talent. Like other herbs classed as bitters, yarrow’s use as a digestive tonic and appetite improver is related to its ability to both promote gastrointestinal secretions and ease spasms in the smooth muscle of the GI tract; and it is this antispasmodic effect on smooth muscle that has also been utilised to treat menstrual discomfort – soothing uterine contractions (cramps) during menstruation. Yarrow’s reputation as a gynaecological herb has been further earned by its ability to regulate the menstrual cycle and either reduce heavy bleeding or restore menstruation when it has been abnormally absent.

Yarrow is also valued as a cold, flu and fever-managing herb. Its diaphoretic and febrifuge effects (promoting perspiration by enhancing peripheral circulation and aiding the body to reduce fever) are able to bring healing relief without unduly suppressing symptoms (as drugs may do).

Amongst its broad range of effects, yarrow has also demonstrated antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and diuretic effects, as well as some analgesic (pain-relieving) activity.

In areas where yarrow grows wild, or amongst meadows and pastures, it is readily grazed by sheep, cattle and horses.

Yarrow can be used to treat horses who have experienced Exercise Induced Pulmonary Haemorrhage (EIPH) in which bleeding occurs in the lungs or trachea during exertion, sometimes becoming apparent when epistaxis results - blood trickles down the nasal passages. These ‘bleeders’ need the assistance of yarrow to improve the integrity of their blood vessel walls, to subdue the bleeding and to enhance peripheral circulation.

ACTIONS include: Astringent, peripheral vasodilator, diaphoretic (increases sweating), febrifuge (fever reducing), digestive stimulant (bitter tonic), anti-spasmodic, anti-inflammatory, menstrual regulator, mild diuretic and urinary antiseptic.

CAUTION: Seek advice from a herbalist before administering this herb during pregnancy as it can have a uterine stimulating effect; do not administer concurrently with sedative, diuretic, blood pressure or blood thinning medications without consulting your vet and herbalist. Rare cases of allergic skin reactions are reported in response to yarrow – cease use if this occurs. Extended use may increase skin photosensitivity.

Yucca (Yucca, various species) The leaves and roots of the tree-like, succulent yucca plants have been used by native Americans for many years, and yucca is one of the oldest herbs used to treat arthritis in horses. It is yucca’s saponin content (saponins are plant steroid precursors of cortisone) that are credited with the anti-inflammatory benefit for conditions like arthritis. Extracts of some yucca species have also been found to improve circulation, aid digestion and relieve headache. Externally, yucca has been used to treat skin irritations and lesions.

Yucca is used as a dietary supplement for livestock and domestic pets to reduce the odor of faeces and urine. For intensively farmed and housed livestock, this improvement in environmental conditions subsequently increases weight gain, production and performance.

Please note:

It is thought that yucca works best for arthritic cases when taken over a period of time. It could take a number of weeks before improvement is noted.
Yucca may swab as a prohibited substance in competition conditions.
There is the possibility that long term use of yucca can interfere with the absorbtion of fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K). Periodically taking a break from yucca administration is recommended. top^