A to Z of Herbs

Country Park Herbs

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

click on the letters to view information

This information is provided solely for educational and informational purposes including as a potential guideline to using herbs, this information is not meant to be a substitute for the advice from your own vet. 

You should always consult with your vet professional before trying to treat any illness, we strongly urge that if your animal is injured, sick please contact your vet.

We also recommend that when using herbs you consult with a qualified Herbalist - to find a registered therapists contact the Australian Traditional Medicine Society on 02 9809 6800 or contact Catherine Bird who is a qualified therapist for Country Park and offers consultations click here

AGRIMONY - Agrimonia eupatoria - Has been used by herbalists to heal wounds due to its ability to staunch bleeding and encourage clot formation.  If the liver has been affected by poisons or other toxins, including ingestion of poisons from feeding, agrimony is certainly useful in maintaining a good blood supply to this organ.  Also good for spleen and kidney blood supply. Its astringent and mildly bitter properties may help in cases of scouring and as a gentle digestion tonic. top^

ALOES - Aloe Ferox - Key actions of Aloe is its ability to heal wounds, an emollient, stimulates secretions of bile and has laxative effects.  It is anti-parasitic, so can be used as part of a herbal worming mix.  An aloe vera plant near the stable is a terrific first aid use.  When a leaf is broken off, a soothing gel is released which may be applied to burns, stings and rashes.  Works equally as well on humans. top^

WARNING:  As it has muscle stimulating properties, do not use internally on pregnant mares.    

BASIL LEAF - Ocimum basilicum - The leaves and flowering tops of basil are used in herbal medicine.  Basil acts primarily on the nervous and digestive systems, easing stomach cramps, flatulence, colic and indigestion.  It is also thought to kill intestinal worms.  It has a mildly sedative action, being useful for nervous irritability and anxiety, and has an antibacterial action.  The juice from the fresh leaves of basil act as an insect repellent when applied externally and can also bring relief to insect bites and stings. top^

BEETROOT POWDER – Beetroot contains folate, potassium and manganese.  It is believed the red pigmentation contains certain anti-cancer agents and beetroot has been used in the treatment of cancer for some years.  Beetroot is also hepatoprotective.  In animal tests, it has been used effectively to keep fat from depositing in the liver, due probably to the herb’s concentration of betaine.  Indian medicine has long used it as a treatment for coughs and infections.  The root contains about a tenth portion of pure sugar, which is one of the glucoses or fruit sugars, which is very wholesome.  Softer than cane sugar, it does not crystallize as well as the latter, and unlike cane sugar, the sugar present in beetroot is already in a more easily assimilated form, thus making the beet a valuable food. top^

BILBERRY LEAF - Vaccinium myrtillus - Improves impaired peripheral blood flow, used to treat fluid retention and pain.  As capillary function is improved, healing of inflammation is possible.  Circulatory tonic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, astringent, urinary antiseptic. top^

BORAGE - Borago officinalis - The leaves and flowers are used.  With a high mucilage content, borage is a demulcent herb and soothes respiratory problems.  The leaves are diuretic and the flowers encourage sweating.  Borage should not be used long-term and professional advice should be sought before using this herb. top^

BURDOCK ROOT - Arctium lappa - One of the leading detoxifying herbs in both Western and Chinese herbal medicine.  It is used to treat conditions arising from an “overabundance” of toxins, such as boils, rashes and chronic skin problems.  Helps to cleanse the body of waste products.  A constituent in burdock is thought to have an antibiotic effect.  It has anti-bacterial and anti-fungal properties, as well as hypoglycaemic (lowering blood sugar levels) and diuretic effects, with an anti-tumour action also.  Usually used in combination with another herb or herbs.    top^

CALENDULA FLOWERS - Calendula officinalis - The cultivar, calendula officinalis, should only be used, and not the common garden variety. The bright orange petals are used, and have antiseptic and healing properties, helping to prevent the spread of infection and hasten the rate of repair.  A wash can be made from the flowers, which won’t sting when applied to the skin.  Widely considered a detoxifying herb, it aids in treating toxicity that underlies many fevers, infections and skin disorders.  Available also as a cream, proving invaluable for the first aid kit/stable as it can be applied directly to cuts and wounds, without stinging. top^

CAPSICUM -Red & Green Bell Peppers-  Rich in Vitamin C, as well as containing large amounts of potassium and Vitamin A.  They have tonic and antiseptic effects, stimulate circulatory and digestive systems and increase sweating.  They can also increase blood circulation and aid with digestive problems.   top^

CARROT GRANULES - Daucus carota - This common vegetable is easily digested and nutritious, and is also a wonderfully cleansing medicine.  It supports the liver, and stimulates urine flow and the removal of wastes by the kidneys.  The juice of organically grown carrots is a delicious drink and a valuable detoxifier.  NOTE:  Use only organic carrots for juicing, as the root concentrates artificial fertilizers and insecticides.  High in carotene, which is converted to Vitamin A by the liver, and a rich source of antioxidant compounds.  As well, carrots provide at least 1000 milligrams of potassium per pound and they contain significant amounts of calcium, phosphorus and magnesium.  Eating carrots can improve your eyesight – not just an old wives tale. top^

CELERY SEEDS - Apium graveolens - Widely grown as a vegetable and salad plant, the seeds of this plant are used to treat urinary, rheumatic and arthritic problems.  A good cleansing, mildly diuretic herb, useful in ridding the system of an accumulation of waste products.  An improvement in circulation of fluids encourages a horse to drink and sweat more easily.  Celery has a significant antiseptic action with carminative (warming) effects. top^

CHAMOMILE -Matricaria recutita- The small daisy-like flowers of chamomile – called “Ground Apple” by the ancient Greeks because of their smell – are most noted for their calming, relaxing effects on both the digestion and the nerves.  Chamomile, though, has a wide range of actions in the body… it is well documented as having anti-inflammatory activity and is also beneficial in reducing allergic responses as it contains a number of anti-histamine chemicals.  In addition, it is recognised as being ulcer-protective through its healing effect on the mucosa of the gastro-intestinal tract.

Chamomile can be especially helpful for the tense, restless horse prone to nervous colic and scouring.  Indeed, it has an affinity for relieving digestive tract and organ spasm and pain (more so than the muscle aches and pains associated with physical exertion).  It supports the body’s skeletal structure through its calcium phosphate content, and in the case of skin allergies it can be applied externally (as a ‘tea’ rinse) to help reduce itching and irritation.  Chamomile is mildly anti-microbial, assisting the body to destroy or resist pathogenic (disease-causing) micro-organisms.

Interestingly, bunches of chamomile were once consistently hung in stables to deter flies.   

ACTIONS include:  Anti-inflammatory, anti-spasmodic, anti-microbial, bitter (digestive), carminative (eases flatulence and colic), sedative (reduces nervous tension), anti-allergenic, vasodilatory (widens blood vessels) and analgesic (pain relieving).

NOTE:  Occasional hypersensitive reactions have been observed in the human population (amonst those who are allergic to members of the ragweed family), however this type of sensitivity is extremely rare.   top^

CHASTE TREE BERRY - Vitex agnes castus - This herb is primarily used to balance hormonal irregularities in mares, but can inhibit the sex hormones of stallions if their behaviour is thought dangerous or seen to be causing them a loss in condition.  Useful on its own or in combination with herbs specific for hormonal balance. top^

CINNAMON – Cinnamon verum -  The cinnamon tree is native to Sir Lanka and India and the inner bark is used.  The medicinal value of cinnamon is due to its volatile oil, which has stimulating and anti-viral properties.  Traditionally used as a warming herb for cold conditions, often in combination with ginger.  Also a traditional remedy for problems of the digestive system such as nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea.  Cinnamon is a supporting and strengthening herb for weak digestion. WARNING: Do not use on pregnant mares as it can stimulate the uterus. top^

CLIVERS - Galium aparine - Clivers has antiseptic qualities and is a general detoxifier.  High in Silica, it assists in the management and treatment of skin disorders.  It is a herb used for treating the urinary system, but as many herbs can be used to treat urinary tract infections, professional herbal advice is recommended to get the most appropriate herb for the specific problem area. Also used to ease swollen legs and joints, support the lymphatic and endocrine systems and encourage the elimination of toxins, Clivers is also helpful if your horse experiences muscle tightening during or after exercise. top^

COMFREY LEAF - Symphytum officinale - What a wonderful herb!  Has been used for thousands of years as a herb with abilities to mend broken bones.  Has the same result on wounds, tendons, fractures, sprains, ulcers and cartilage.  The allantoin content in comfrey is believed to accelerate the production of replacement cells, thereby minimising the possiblity of scar tissue, arthritis and proud flesh.  Comfrey should only be used for a short period of time and the leaves of the plant are used orally or as a compress. top^

CORNSILK – Zea Mays - Cornsilk (the silky fronds wrapped around the cob) has always been the part of the plant most used medicinally, and is of particular value in treating urinary conditions.  It is thought to stimulate production of bile, improving its flow from the liver through the bile ducts.  Partly due to its significant potassium content, cornsilk is a useful diuretic for almost all problems of the urinary system.  It soothes and relaxes the lining of the urinary tubules and bladder, relieving irritation and improving urine flow and elimination.  It is also helpful in humans for frequent urination caused by irritation of the bladder and urethral walls, and for difficulty in passing urine, for example in prostate disorders. top^

DANDELION LEAF - The leaves of the Dandelion plant are generally fed to horses during spring as the herb assists with cleansing the blood.  They are high in iron and calcium as well as Vitamins A, B, and D and are traditionally used as a tonic to stimulate the bladder.

DANDELION ROOT - Dandelion Root is helpful for horses recovering from an illness or a reaction to vaccination.  Being a tonic, this herb assists to clean the liver, kidneys and blood and is high in potassium and magnesium. top^

DEVILS CLAW - Harpagophytum procumbens - A native of South and Eastern Africa.  Used for its analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties, it is useful for treating pain in a range of joint and muscular problems.  The bitter action of Devils Claw stimulates and tones the digestive system.  As it is thought that most arthritic conditions are associated with poor digestion and absorption of food, Devils Claw has a stimulant effect on the stomach and gall bladder which contributes to its use as an anti-arthritic remedy.    

Warning:  Do not use in pregnant mares as it can stimulate the uterine muscle, and do not use on horses if there is suspicion of gut ulceration. top^

DONG QUAI -Angelica sinensis- The root of dong quai is undoubtedly one of the most honored and respected herbs in China, and its reputation is growing in the rest of the world.  Experts estimate that dong quai has been used by the Chinese for at least 2OOO years.  Dong quai is sometimes referred to as “female ginseng” in reference to its ability to regulate menstrual disorders.  Dong quai is therefore specifically useful for “mare problems” - it is a useful tonic for mares that have difficulty in conceiving and it regulates the oestrus cycle.   

It’s actions are not, however, confined to gynaecological areas.  Its warming qualities make it useful for joint pains, especially during damp winters, the root’s anti-arthritic proper­ties having been demonstrated by basic research.  It helps protect the liver, animal studies indicating that it enhances metabolism – increasing oxygen utilization in the liver.  It has also been shown to be effective against several strains of microorganisms, including the fungi Candida albicans (the primary causative agent in vaginal yeast infections).  In addition, it has mild sedative, pain-relieving, anti-inflammatory and antispasmodic properties – relaxing the smooth muscle of visceral organs like the intestines (as well as the uterus).  For this reason dong quai is useful for dry constipation caused by physical or emotional tension.  The polysaccharides in dong quai have also been implicated in immune stimulation and healing of ulcerated gastric mucosa. 

If a horse has suffered an injury which has resulted in muscle damage or wastage this herb can be useful in its recovery.  It aids those muscles as well as helping the horse recover from the associated weakness and debility that can accompany a trauma. 

ACTIONS/APPLICATIONS include:  blood, respiratory and liver tonic; circulatory stimulant; laxative; sedative; analgesic; reduces blood pressure; regluates menstrual disorders; antispasmodic; and alterative (aiding elimination). 

CAUTION:  Do not give this herb to a mare once she has been served or during

pregnancy.  In some individuals dong quai can cause an increased photosensitivity.

ECHINACEA - Echinacea purpurea - Commercially grown organically in Australia, overseas this species has been threatened in the wild.  The leaves and flowers are used herbally, and this herb has a delightful aroma, which is also a good gauge of freshness.  A number of constituents in the plant stimulate the immune system to counter bacterial and viral infections.  One of these constituents inhibits the ability of viruses to enter and take over cells while another constituent has anti-bacterial and anti-fungal properties.  Very useful in treating viral infections present and also post, eg Ross River Fever.  Colds, flu, respiratory and skin conditions all benefit from echinacea.

NOTE:  Feed only in three week intervals over a 12 week period.  Giving a two week break will help ensure the body does not build a resistance to Echinacea. top^

ELECAMPANE – Inula helenium - The root of this plant has long been seen as a gently warming and tonic herb for the respiratory system.  The warming effect, together with its ability to gently stimulate the clearing of mucus, makes it a wonderful herb to treat all respiratory infections, coughs and allergies specific to the lungs.  Being mildly bitter, it also stimulates the appetite, aiding in recovery from illness by improving digestion and the absorption of nutrients. top^

EYEBRIGHT – Euphrasia officinalis -  The aerial (above ground) parts of the plant are used.  As its name suggests, it helps eye problems by relieving inflammation and tightening mucous membranes and is specifically used in treating conjunctivitis and blepharitis.  Used for infections and allergic conditions affecting the eyes, middle ear, sinuses and nasal passages.

FENNEL – Foeniculum vulgare - The seeds of the plant are used, and contain essential oil.  The primary use of fennel is to relieve bloating, but it also settles stomach pain, stimulates the appetite and is diuretic and anti-inflammatory.  When combined with Uva-Ursi it makes an effective treatment for cystitis.  Fennel can help increase breast milk production. KEEP TO PRESCRIBED DOSAGE RATES.  top^

FENUGREEK – Trigonella-foenum-graecum -  Strongly aromatic herb, and the seeds of the plant are used.  It contains a volatile oil, flavonoids, mucilage, protein, Vitamins A, B & C, alkaloids, saponins and some minerals.  The seeds can aid in recovery from illness and to encourage weight gain.  They can also help in lowering a fever, and can also increase breast milk production.  It is also thought to be antidiabetic and to help lower blood cholesterol levels. Available in seed or powder form. WARNING:  Do not feed to pregnant mares as it may stimulate uterus contractions.

Frankincense  -Boswellia serrata- is a large deciduous tree that grows in the dry, hilly regions of India.  The purified gum resin derived from it (also known as Indian Frankincense, Indian olibanum and salai guggal) provides one of nature’s most effective pain and inflammation fighters.  Ayurvedic practitioners have used boswellia for centuries to treat a number of conditions, and modern science is now confirming it’s effectiveness, particularly for arthritic conditions.

In Ayurvedic medicine (Indian healing/herbal tradition) boswellia has been used for arthritis, rheumatism, bronchitis, asthma, diarrhea, jaundice, ulcers and undescended testicles (!).  Modern herbalists primarily use boswellia to treat arthritis and other inflammatory conditions.  Boswellia reduces inflammation by inhibiting one of the key enzymes in inflammatory processes;  it also relieves pain via a sedative effect on the nervous system.

In human arthritic studies (using standardised extracts) boswellia has been seen to be equally, or more, effective than standard drug treatments.  Patients reported decreased pain and increased range of movement.  In experimental animals boswellia reduced swelling as effectively as non-steroidal anti-inflammatories (NSAIDs) without producing the side effects (such as gastro-intestinal irritation/bleeding) associated with those drugs.  It is used in conjunction with joint building supplements in a number of commercial equine preparations.

In human experiments boswellia has shown value in reducing disease markers for inflammatory gastro-intestinal disorders such as Crohn’s disease and colitis, as well as benefit in treating bronchial asthma.

ACTIONS include: anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anti-arthritic activity.    top^

GARLIC -Allium sativum- Garlic is one of the few herbs that are universally recognised and used.  It has been used as a medicine and tonic food for thousands of years by many different cultures/people including – ancient Egyptians and Romans; Chinese medicine; Ayurvedic medicine; and the Cherokee and Choco peoples.  During the Great Plague of London garlic  was the primary remedy for protection and cure, fetching more in price than gold.  During WWII it was known as Russian Penicillin and was used to prevent septic poisoning and gangrene. It is the most widely known and used herb in the horse world. 

Although the vampire-repelling properties of garlic have never been subject to medical scrutiny (!) there is much we do know about it… 

Garlic is a stimulant for the immune system – it is the closest thing to a herbal wonder drug for treating infections.  This is because garlic is anti-bacterial, anti-viral, anti-fungal and anti-parasitic.  Garlic is rich in sulphur which is essential for healthy skin and hair, and garlic also contains bioflavonoid compounds such as quercetin which retard inflammatory reactions. Quercetin stabilises mast cells (which contain histamine) and inactivates many inflammatory enzymes, which makes garlic a useful anti-allergy tool.  Garlic also works to improve circulation.  It contains a number of anti-coagulant compounds and has a blood-thinning effect as well as being vasodilatory. 

Garlic can be used to prevent and treat respiratory infections.  Anyone who has had garlic breath has experienced this herb’s aromatic compounds being excreted through their lungs which is why garlic’s active ingredients can be so effective for respiratory complaints.  There is evidence that in the digestive tract garlic acts selectively against pathogens (disease causing micro-organisms) whilst sparing beneficial flora.  Further, garlic reduces the incidence of cancer, especially in the gastrointestinal tract – allicin (a volatile oil constituent of garlic) interferes with the generation of carcinogenic nitrosamines in the gut.  Garlic is reputed to minimise intestinal worms (although it must not be relied upon as the sole means of worm control).  Some insect repelling properties have been attributed to the feeding of garlic, however it seems this may be dependent on feeding garlic in its fresh, raw form. 

ACTIONS include:  anti-biotic, anti-viral, anti-fungal, anti-parastic, anti-histamine (anti-allergy), anti-coagulant, expectorant (encouraging passage of mucus up the bronchials), vasodilatory. 

DRUG INTERACTIONS:  Garlic could potentiate the blood-thinning effects/side-effects of some drugs/supplements, consult your vet/herbalist before simultaneous use. 

PLEASE NOTE: Beware the tendency to think that “a little is good, a lot will be better” – garlic in excess can irritate the gut and/or cause Heinz-body anaemia*.  Keep to recommended dosages.  Do not use garlic if a horse has been scouring chronically, and use caution if you are feeding garlic to nursing mares as it may flavour/taint the milk and upset the foal’s digestive system. 

GINGER - Zingiber officinale –  Well known as a spice and flavouring, ginger is also one of the world’s best medicines.  Anti-emetic:  Highly effective in treating travel sickness, ginger given before floating horses can help settle, and given on arrival can tempt a horse to eat.  The therapeutic benefits of ginger are largely due to its volatile oil and oleoresin content.  Ginger is an excellent remedy for many digestive complaints, including nausea, colic, wind and indigestion.  Its antiseptic properties also make it beneficial for gastro-intestinal infections.  For the older, arthritic horse, ginger is a useful maintenance herb.  It stimulates, circulates and helps blood flow to the surface, so can be an important remedy for chillblains and poor circulation to hands and feet. Dosage:  1 tsp of powdered ginger or fresh if available.  (Also wonderful in cooking cakes, slices etc, with that wonderful ginger taste and only half the normal recipe amount is needed as it is a concentrated premium quality powder).  top^

GINGKO -Gingko biloba- Gingko biloba – the maidenhair tree - is often referred to as a "living fossil" because of it’s antiquity.  It is believed to be the world's oldest living tree species, dating back to about 200 million years ago.  Due to their amazing resistance to disease, bugs and pollution each tree can live for over a thousand years.  Ginkgo has been used in Traditional Chinese Medicine for over 4,000 years.  These days the tree is native to China and Japan but is cultivated extensively elsewhere for use in herbal therapy. 

Gingko has significant effects on the cardiovascular system and is valuable in a broad array of health issues related to problems with microcirculation – whether they be in the brain, legs or sex organs.  It in part achieves this by reducing the tendency of blood to clot as well as having a tonic action on several aspects of neural functioning.  Gingko also acts as an antioxidant -  neutralising free radicals (which are directly implicated in the aging process).

In humans Ginkgo biloba has been used in cases of memory deficits, impaired concentration, depression, dizziness, tinnitus (ringing in the ears), intermittent claudication (reduced blood flow in narrowed leg arteries causing pain) and headache.  Gingko extract has also been found to stabilize or improve a number of measures of cognitive and social functioning associated with various forms of dementia, as well as being able to improve the cognitive function of healthy individuals.  Asian healers have used ginkgo extracts for thousands of years to treat asthma and allergies, and justifiably so – the herb contains many anti-inflammatory and anti-histamine compounds . 

This herb can be helpful for a horse resuming work after a spell, or for older horses that are sound for riding but are slowing down.  Due to its effect on peripheral and cerebral (brain) circulation it can assist the blood supply to limbs, and general alertness.  It can also be employed with regards to respiratory disorders such as heaves or difficulty of breath, especially if they are suspected to be associated with a particular season or allergic reaction. 

ACTIONS include:  circulatory stimulant & tonic, antioxidant, anti-allergenic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-asthmatic. 

DRUG INTERACTIONS:  Gingko enhances the blood-thinning effects/side-effects of some drugs/supplements/herbs - consult your vet/herbalist before simultaneous use. 

GOLDEN ROD -Solidago virgaurea- As its name suggests, golden rod is distinguished by its tall rods of tiny, golden, glowing flowers.  It is indigenous to Europe and is esteemed by Europeans as one of the safest and most effective diuretic-antiseptic herbs.  It is therefore useful for urinary infections/inflammation and kidney stones/inflammation as well as being an excellent digestive aid, easing flatulence.  In addition, bathing a wound (especially an infected one) with golden rod promotes healing. 

In combination with echinacea it can be used to treat upper respiratory tract infections and catarrh (excessive mucous secretions).  Some of golden rod’s constituents act specifically against the Candida fungus, and it’s anti-inflammatory properties have also been put to use relieving arthritic and rhematic pain. 

ACTIONS include:  Anti-inflammatory, relaxant, anti-catarrhal, antiseptic, diuretic (promoting urine flow), diaphoretic (encouraging sweating i.e. excreting via the skin), carminative (easing flatulence and soothing digestion) and anti-fungal. 

Golden rod tea has a very pleasant taste, and can be used in your horse’s feed to aid digestion and to encourage eating.   

Guaiacum -Guaiacum officinale-Paracelsus was one of the key European healing figures of the sixteenth century who revolutionised attitudes to health care.  He is known as the “father of chemistry” and was influential in the future development of chemistry, conventional medicine, herbal medicine and homeopathy.  He also explored alchemy.  It was during his time that merchants brought home a type of wood found in the West Indies and South America that was purported to contain a medicinal resin.  This tough, dense, hard wood  was different from any other wood known at the time because it sank in water, and when heated it exuded a resin now known as guaiacic resin.  The common name for Guaiacum is Lignum vitae, meaning “wood of life”.

Guaiacum has anti-inflammatory properties that are of benefit in arthritic and rheumatic conditions, indeed, it is one of the best alteratives (blood purifiers) when rheumatoid symptoms are present, helping to reduce joint pain and swelling.  It also acts as a diuretic, laxative, and sweat inducer, and speeds the elimination of toxins, which makes it valuable for treating gout. 

ACTIONS include:  anti-inflammatory, anti-rheumatic, circulatory stimulant, laxative, diaphoretic(promoting sweating), diuretic(increases urination).

HAWTHORN BERRIES - Crataegus oxycanthoides - Rich in flavonoids, Hawthorn berries are used to assist the function of the heart and general circulation by improving the body’s ability to use oxygen as well as being useful in nervous disorders.  Country Park Animal Herbs have available Hawthorn Berry powder, granules and dried berries so you can cater to your horse’s individual dietary preferences.  top^

Hawthorn -Crataegus oxycantha & C. monogyna- From the time of the ancient Greeks to the present day hawthorn has been regarded far and wide as a heart tonic – and a supreme one at that.  During the Middles Ages It was seen as a symbol of hope and taken for many ailments.  Considered magical by some, it was pinned to farmhouses, stables and barns to ward off lightning strikes.  In China, hawthorn was noted as far back as 659 A.D. for treating stomach disorders, vascular disease and scurvy.  Native Americans have also used it as a heart medicine, intestinal aid and general tonic.  In the present day, hawthorn is one of the most popular herbal medicines in central Europe. 

The berries of the thorny hawthorn shrub/tree appear similar to other fruit from the Rosaceae (rose) family, such as rosehips and crabapples, and, like them, are edible and nutritious.  Traditionally the berries have been used in herbal preparations, although modern phytomedicinal extracts have primarily employed the leaves and flowers as it appears they contain a higher concentration of some of the “active ingredients” - bioflavonoids and  proanthocyanidins - responsible for many of the cardiac benefits of hawthorn. 

While there’s been no conclusive research regarding hawthorn protecting against lightning strikes(!), research has shown that hawthorn extracts improve heart function. Essentially, hawthorn assists the heart to be a more efficient pump.  It achieves this by improving the heart muscle’s metabolism - dilating the coronary blood vessels which improves the blood and oxygen supply to the heart, allowing better and more stable, rhythmic contractions.  In addition, it is a peripheral vasodilator – opening up blood vessels in the arms and legs, thereby facilitating a better flow of blood throughout the body.  The bioflavonoids and proanthocyanidins also act as powerful antioxidants, protecting collagen, blood vessels and other tissue from oxidising damage.   

In humans hawthorn is used to treat angina, coronary artery disease, mild congestive heart failure and irregular heartbeat, as well as intermittent claudication (reduced blood flow in narrowed leg arteries, causing pain).  Further, herbalists using hawthorn have found that the plant has the ability to normalise blood pressure – remedying both high and low blood pressure.

With regard to horses, hawthorn’s effects on peripheral circulation makes it valuable for treating conditions such as navicular and laminitis.  Indeed, horses and ponies suffering from these ailments have been observed seeking out the new growth on hawthorn bushes/trees.  It also has applications for bleeders and horses suffering heart strain. 

It is important to remember that hawthorn, like many herbs, is not a “quick fix”.  It takes time for change to occur and hawthorn's effects are best realised when the appropriate dose is taken over a reasonable period of time - weeks or months.  Any application of hawthorn to serious heart issues should be done in consultation with your vet/herbalist. 

HOPS -Humulus lupulus- The ancient Romans grew hops as a garden plant and ate the young spring shoots which are reminiscent in taste of asparagus.  English country folk and gypsies in the following centuries would continue to partake of hops in this manner and, as is so often the case, hops made its way into the herbalist’s repetoire via the kitchen – its medicinal value being discovered through noting the effects on people when the plant was eaten as a vegetable.  Hops is a close relative of both stinging nettle and the Cannabis genus, and is native to North America, Europe, and Asia.  It is distinguished by its vine-like leaves and unusual, green-yellow, scaly buds.  The female flowers, called ‘strobiles’, are the parts now used medicinally and in the production of beer. 

Hops have always been used to soothe and settle – by calming and toning the nerves in cases of anxiety, insomnia, tension and restlessness.  The sedative action of hops, which has been confirmed experimentally, is due to its marked effect on the central nervous system.  In addition it has been shown to have an antispasmodic action on smooth muscle which explains its use in the treatment of gastric and intestinal spasms.  It also helps to stimulate digestion and trigger appetite.  Oestrogenic substances are found in hops, as well as good antibiotic activity – it can be used externally for its antiseptic properties.  As a sleeping aid, sachets of hops flowers have been put in/under pillows to release a calming aroma, and it can also be taken as a bed-time tea - it has a “pleasantly bitter” taste and a soothing, relaxing calm can be experienced within as little as 20 to 40 minutes after ingesting the herb.   

As well as its primary use as a sedative, hops have been used traditionally in India and China for ailments such as headache, indigestion and intestinal cramps; and also by the Cherokee people as an anti-rheumatic, analgesic (it has some pain-relieving properties), and for kidney and urinary inflammation. 

For horses, hops’ effects are valuable when help is needed to re-model old habits and nervous attitudes.  It is also indicated for general debility, especially when the animal has lost its appetite and is wasting.  It is the bitter principle of hops, which is well known to beer drinkers, that predominantly accounts for this herb’s ability to stimulate the digestive system.   

Actions include:  Sedative, visceral anti-spasmodic, bitter digestive tonic, astringent, antimicrobial (locally antiseptic and healing), anaphrodisiac, restoring tonic for nervous system, diuretic, anodyne (allays pain).  

Horseradish (Armoracia rusticana/Cochlearia armoracia) Known as a popular condiment, horseradish has a number of healing properties.  It is valuable, both internally and externally, for stimulating circulation, and its ‘hot’ properties also contribute to expelling worms and stimulating the digestion by increasing appetite and gastric secretions.  The flavonoids it contains are antioxidant. It is an internal antiseptic – most notably for the respiratory and urinary systems.  Also used for its diuretic properties (i.e. its ability to promote an increase in urine flow).

Externally it has been used as a poultice (sometimes in combination with other ingredients) to reduce tumours and  swellings.

ACTIONS include:  strong circulatory stimulant;  antibiotic;  diuretic;  diaphoretic (encouraging sweating);  anthelmintic;  stimulating of stomach secretions;  laxative.

CAUTION:  Introduce this strongly stimulating herb gradually - too much horseradish can irritate the gastrointestinal tract or the skin (if applied too long as a poultice).  Horseradish should be avoided in cases of low thyroid function.

Horsetail (Equisetum arvense) A member of a very primitive family of plants, much of the therapeutic value of horsetail is due to its high silica content (silica plays an important role in the regeneration of connective tissue).  Horsetail also contains many other minerals including potassium, phosphorous, iron, manganese, calcium, magnesium and selenium.  It is considered valuable for the strengthening and repair of bones, as well as being used in the treatment of rheumatic and arthritic complaints.  Externally it functions as a clotting agent to staunch the bloodflow from wounds and when taken internally is reputedly effective for nosebleeds and to reduce the coughing up of blood, as well as for deep-seated lung damage.

Horsetail is strongly diuretic (increasing urinary output) as well as being healing and tonic for the urinary mucous membranes, and is therefore used in a number of urinary disorders such as cystitis and urethritis.

ACTIONS include:  astringent, stops bleeding, diuretic, anti-inflammatory, tissue healer, restorative to damaged pulmonary (lung) tissue, antibiotic.

CAUTION:  Horsetail breaks down vitamin B₁ (thiamine) and should only be taken in conjunction with B vitamin supplementation and under professional guidance.  It should not be taken simultaneously with diuretic drugs.  top^

Juniper Berries (Juniperus communis) Through history juniper has been associated with ritual cleansing and purification rites, and it was thought that burning juniper could ward off the plague and evil spirits. Medicinally, it was used by the Egyptians as far back as 1550 BC.  It is also used to flavour gin! 

These days the ripe, purplish-bluish-blackish juniper berries are mainly used in cases of urinary infections and for clearing the body of the acid waste accumulation associated with gout and arthritis.  Its strong antiseptic action within the urinary tract sees juniper used in cases of cystitis (bladder inflammation due to infection).

Juniper is also warming and settling to the digestive system and is used to ease colic and flatulence, and to support stomach function.  Additionally, it contains anti-inflammatory, anti-viral and anti-tumour substances.  Its diuretic action helps to relieve fluid retention.

ACTIONS include:  Urinary antiseptic, diuretic, carminative, digestive tonic, uterine stimulant, increasing elimination of acid metabolites, anti-rheumatic, anti-viral, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumour.

CAUTION:  Juniper is a uterine stimulant and should be avoided during pregnancy although it may be taken during labour.  Long term use may irritate the kidneys – do not use for more than six weeks without a break.  Do not use if there is already kidney infection or damage.  Do not use simultaneously with diuretic drugs.

LAVENDER – Lavendula augustifolia -  A popular garden shrub, renowned for its colour and aroma.  The species Lavendula augustifolia only is used medicinally.  Contains a volatile oil which has very low toxicity and significant antiseptic and anti-bacterial actions.  It helps reduce pain and alleviates nervous excitability  Like many herbs with a high volatile oil content, lavender soothes indigestion and colic and relieves wind and bloating.  It can relieve sleeplessness, irritability, headaches and migraines and can help alleviate depression.  The oil is an invaluable first aid remedy, strongly antiseptic, it can help heal burns, wounds and sores.  external use only      top^

Lemon Balm (Melissa officinalis) This highly aromatic, sweet-smelling, bee-attracting herb was a favourite in medieval “elixirs of youth”.  These days it is most often employed as a tonic for its soothing effects on the central nervous system and digestion.  It makes a pleasant tasting tea which is considered to raise the spirits through being both calming and antidepressant.  In addition, balm’s antispasmodic action reduces tension and cramping in muscles, and its carminative effect eases gas in the gastro-intestinal tract.  This combination of qualities sees lemon balm used in situations where anxiety leads to digestive problems or headache.

Certain constituents of lemon balm have antiviral activity, most notably deterring the viruses that cause herpes.  Balm is also used in cases of “female discomforts” such as menstrual cramps, and for insomnia.  Further, balm is reputed to normalise thyroid function.

Externally, lemon balm is used for cold sores, insect stings, painful swellings and cuts.

ACTIONS include:  nerve tonic, antispasmodic, carminative, antiviral, antibacterial, antihistamine, diaphoretic (promotes sweating), relaxant, antidepressant.

CAUTION:  Consult your vet and herbalist before using lemon balm concurrently with thyroid drug treatment.

LEMON VERBENA - Lippia citriodora - A deciduous shrub with strongly scented leaves which are used herbally.  It contains a strong lemon-scented volatile oil that has calming and soothing properties.  This herb has a gentle sedative action and is very helpful in soothing abdominal discomfort. Make into a tea - using one handful - brew for 10 minutes, add a teaspoon of raw honey and then pour the lot into the horse’s feed.  A cup of lemon verbena tea is also good for calming the rider. top^

LIMETREE FLOWERS